University College

David John beau monde was born on January 28, 1935, in Londons lower-middle-class eastmost End, the exclusively word of honor of a musician father and a staunchly Catholic m antecedent(a). The familys straitened stinting situation, his conservative Catholic upbringing, and the dangers of war snip London left their mark on young David. He began his low impertinent (unpublished) at eighteen while still a scholarly person at University College, London, where he received his B. A. in position (with scratch line honors) in 1955 and an M. A. in 1959.Between times fit performed what was then an obligatory National help (1955-1957). Although the two years were in a sense wasted, his stint in the army did give him time to complete his first published invigorated, The Picturegoers , and material for his second, Ginger, Youre Barmy , as well as the nerve impulse to continue his studies.In 1959 he married to Mary Frances Jacob they had three children. afterwards a year influencein g as an assistant at the British Council, rest joined the faculty at the University of Birmingham, where he completed his Ph. D. in 1969 he eventually attained the position of full professor of modal valuern English literary works in 1976. The mid-1960s proved an especially important period in burdens personal and captain life.He became close helps with fellow critic and allegoryist Malcolm Bradbury (then excessively at Birmingham), under whose influence bear wrote his first odd unexampled, The British Museum Is travel D sustain , for which the publisher, not so comically, forgot to distri exactlye review copies he was awarded a Harkness res publica Fellowship to study and travel in the United States for a year (1964-1965) he published his first critical study, the influential The Language of Fiction (1966) and he learned that his third child, Chri hold backher, suffered from Down syndrome (a biographical circumstance that manifests itself obliquely at the end of surf ace of the Shelter and more overtly in one of the plots of How furthest Can You Go? ). high societys second trip to the United States, this time as visiting professor of English at the University of California at Berkeley in 1969, during the height of the Free Speech Movement and governmental unrest, played its part in the c at one timeiving and piece of create verbally of his second comic brisk, Changing Places , as did the critical essays he was then writing and would later collect in The Novelist at the Crossroads (1971) and turn overing with Structuralism (1981). The capital award that went along with the Whitbread Prize for his next novel, How furthermost Can You Go? , enabled hostelry to reduce his statement duties to half-year and to devote himself more fully to his writing.He transformed his participation in the Modern Language Associations 1978 conference in New York, the 1979 James Joyce Symposium in Zurich, and a three-week man tour of conferences and British Council talk engagements into his most commercially successful book, Small World , later equal for British television. His reputation ontogenesis and his financial situation brightening, Lodge donated all royalties from his next book, Write On Occasional Essays, 65-85 (1986), to caveat (Cottage and Rural Enterprises), which main(prenominal)tains communities for mentally handicapped adults. In 1987 he took advantage of azoic retirement (part of Prime attend Margargont Thatchers austerity plan for British universities) so that he could work full time as a writer. Lodge soon published nirvana News (1991) and Therapy (1995).He also published two collections of essays, After Bakhtin Essays on Fiction and Criticism (1990) The Art of Fiction (1992), and a comedic play, The Writing Game (1991). Especially pop for his academician novels, Lodge enjoyed an increasingly strong critical reception in the 1990s. The Writing Game was adapted for television in 1996, and Lodge was named a F ellow of Goldsmiths College in London in 1992. In 1996 he published The Practice of Writing , a collection of seventeen essays on the fictive process. In this text he treats fiction writers who have influenced him, from James Joyce to Anthony Burgess, and comments on the contemporary novelist and the world of issue the main focus, however, is on adapting his own work, as well as the work of Charles Dickens and Harold Pinter, for television.Lodge remained a presenter of CARE and some other organizations supporting the mentally handicapped (the subject of mental handicaps appears briefly in Therapy in a reference to the central characters sisters dedication to a mentally handicapped son). He retained the title of Honorary Professor of Modern English Literature at the University of Birmingham. In addition to wagers in television, theater, and film, Lodge maintained an interest in tennis that is sometimes reflected in the novels. Literary Forms Mediating amongst theory and practic e, David Lodge has proved himself one of Englands ablest and most interesting literary critics. Among his influential critical books be The Language of Fiction (1966) and The Novelist at the Crossroads (1971).In addition to his novels and criticism, he has write short stories, television screenplays of some of his novels, and (in collaboration with Malcolm Bradbury and Jim Duckett) several satirical revues. Achievements As a novelist Lodge has do his mark in three seemingly distinct yet, in Lodges case, surprisingly congruous areas as a writer of Catholic novels, of campus fiction, and of works that somehow manage to be at once realist and postmodern. The publication of Changing Places in 1975 and Small World nine years later brought Lodge to the tutelage of a overmuch larger (especially American) audience. Changing Places won twain the Yorkshire Post and Hawthornden prizes, How Far Can You Go?received the Whitbread Award, and Nice Work was shortlisted for Great Britains pres tigious Booker Prize. Literary Analysis In site to understand David Lodges novels, it is necessary to place them in the context of postwar British literaturethe Movement writers and angry young men of the 1950s, whose attacks on the English class system had an unadorned appeal to the rootage of The Picturegoers , the English Catholic novel and campus novel traditions, and finally the postmodernism to which British fiction (it is a good deal claimed) has proved especially resistant. In addition, Lodges novels are significantly and doubly autobiographical. They draw not only on important events in the authors life, however also on his work as a literary critic.In The Language of Fiction Lodge defends the aesthetic validity and continuing viabilty of realist writing on the basis of linguistic mastery rather than fidelity to life, and in The Novelist at the Crossroads he rejects Robert Scholess bifurcation of contemporary fiction into fabulistic and journalistic modes, positing the problematic novel in which the novelist innovatively builds his hesitation as to which mode to adopt into the novel. Lodges own novels are pro installly pluralistic yet manifest the authors clear sense of aesthetic, social, and personal limitations as well as his awareness of working both within and against certain traditions and forms. The Picturegoers Set in a lower-middle-class area of London much identical the one in which Lodge grew up, The Picturegoers is an interesting and even ambitious work marred by dramatic excesses. As the plural of its title implies, The Picturegoers deals with a fairly large number of more or less(prenominal) main characters.Lodges title also is indicative of his narrative method abrupt cinematic shifts amid the different plots, use of a similarly shifting focalizing technique, and a stylizing of the narrative discourse in order to reflect features of an indivi triplex characters verbal thought patterns. Of the seven main characters, limit underg rowth is the most important. A lapsed Catholic and aspiring writer, he arrives in London, rents a room in the home of a conservative Catholic family, the Mallorys, and falls in love with the daughter, Clare, formerly a Catholic novitiate. The affair will change them Clare will become sexually awakened and then skeptical when Mark abandons her for the Catholicism from which she has begun to distance herself.Interestingly, his return to the Church seems selfish and insincere, an ironic sign not of his redemption but of his bad faith. Ginger, Youre Barmy Dis mazed by its author as a work of missed possibilities and an act of revenge against Great Britains National Service, Ginger, Youre Barmy continues Lodges dual exploration of narrative technique and moral matters and largely succeeds on the basis of the solution Lodge found for the technical problem which the writing of the novel posed how to write a novel abtaboo the tediousness of military life without making the novel itself ted ious to read. Lodge solved the problem by choosing to cut back the action and double his narrator-protagonist Jonathan Brownes story.Lodge focuses the story on the first few weeks of basic training, specially Jonathans relationship with the altruistic and highly, though conservatively, principled microphone Brady, a poorly educated Irish Catholic, who soon runs afoul of the military authorities on the accidental death or perhaps felo-de-se of Percy Higgins and on Jonathans last days before being mustered out two years later. Lodge then frames this already-doubled story with the tale of Jonathans telling, or writing, of these events three years later, with Jonathan now married (to Mikes former girlfriend), having spent the past three years awaiting Mikes release from prison. The novels frame structure suggests that Jonathan has improved morally from the self-centered agnostic he was to the selfless friend he has become, but his telling problematizes the issue of his development.Be tween Mikes naive faith and Jonathans keen self-consciousness and perhaps self-serving confession there opens up an abyss of uncertainty for the reader. The British Museum Is Falling Down This moral needioning takes a genuinely different form in Lodges next novel. The British Museum Is Falling Down is a parodic pastiche about a day in the highly literary and (sexually) very Catholic life of Adam Appleby, a twenty-five-year- old graduate student trying to complete his dissertation before his stipend is depleted and his growing family overwhelms his slender financial resources. awful but by no means in despair, Adam begins to confuse literature and life as each event in the wildly improbable series that makes up his day unfolds in its own uniquely parodied style.The parodies are fun but also have a semiserious purpose, the undermining of all forms of authority, religious as well as literary. Parodic in form, The British Museum Is Falling Down is comic in intent in that Lodge wrote it in the expectation of change in the churchs position on deliver control. The failure of this expectation would lead Lodge fifteen years later to turn the comedy inner(a) out in his darker novel, How Far Can You Go? Out of the Shelter Published after The British Museum Is Falling Down but conceived earlier, Out of the Shelter is a more serious but also less successful novel. Modeled on a trip Lodge made to Germany when he was sixteen, Out of the Shelter attempts to combine the Bildungsroman and the Jamesian international novel.In three parts of increasing length, the novel traces the life of Timothy issue from his earliest years in the London blitz to the four weeks he spends in Heidelberg in the early 1950s with his sister, who works for the American army of occupation. With the help of those he meets, Timothy begins the process of coming out of the shelter of home, conservative Catholicism, unambitious lower-middle-class parents, provincial, impoverished England, and sexual immaturity into a world of abundance as well as ambiguity. Lodges Joycean stylization of Timothys maturing outlook proves much less successful than his portrayal of Timothys life as a series of transitions in which the passion for freedom is offset by a relish for shelter, the desire to participate by the desire to observe.Even in the epilogue, Timothy, now thirty, married, and in the United States on a study grant, finds himself dissatisfied (even though he has clearly done better than any of the novels other characters) and afraid of the future. Changing Places Lodge translates that fear into a quite different key in Changing Places. Here Lodges genius for combining opposites becomes fully evident as the serious Timothy Young gives way to the scummy English liberal-humanist Philip Swallow, who leaves the shelter of the University of Rummidge for the expansive pleasures of the State University of Euphoria in Plotinus (Berkeley). Swallow is half of Lodges faculty and narrative e xchange program the other is Morris Zapp, also forty, an academic Norman Mailer, arrogant and ambitious.Cartoonish as his charactersor rather caricaturesmay be, Lodge makes them and their complementary as well as parallel misadventures in foreign parts humanly interesting. The real energy of Changing Places lies, however, in the intersecting plots and styles of this duplex novel. The first two chapters, Flying and Settling, get the novel off to a self-consciously omniscient but otherwise conventional start. Corresponding, however, switches to the epistolary mode, and Reading furthers the action (and the virtuosic display) by offering a series of newspaper items, squelch releases, flysheets, and the like. Changing reverts to conventional narration (but in a highly stylized way), and Ending takes the form of a filmscript.Set at a time of political activism and literary innovation, Changing Places is clearly a problematic novel written by a novelist at the crossroads, aware of the me ans at his disposal but backward to privilege any one over any or all of the others. How Far Can You Go? Lodge puts the postmodern plays of Changing Places to a more overtly serious purpose in How Far Can You Go? It is a work more insistently referential than any of Lodges other novels but also paradoxically more self- call forioning a fiction about the verifiably real world that nevertheless radically insists upon its own status as fiction. The novel switches back and forth between the sometimes discrete, yet always ultimately related stories of its ten main characters as freely as it does between the mimetic levels of the story and its narration.The parts make up an interconnected yet highly discontinuous whole, ghost the lives of its ten characters from 1952 (when nine are university students and members of a Catholic study group led by the tenth, founding father Brierly) through and through the religious, sexual, and sociopolitical changes of the 1960s and 1970s to the deaths of two popes, the installation of the conservative John Paul II, and the writing of the novel How Far Can You Go? in 1978. The authorial narrators attitude toward his characters is at once distant and familiar, condescending and compassionate. Their religious doubts and moral questions strike the reader as quaintly naive, the result of a narrowly Catholic upbringing. Yet the lives of reader and characters as well as authorial narrator are also strangely parallel in that (to borrow Lodges own metaphor) each is heterogeneous in a game of Snakes and Ladders, moving narratively, psychologically, socially, and religiously ahead one moment, only to fall utterly behind the next.The characters stumble into sexual maturity, marry, have children, have affairs, get divorced, declare their homosexuality, suffer illnesses, breakdowns, and crises of faith, convert to other religions, and join to form Catholics for an Open Church. All the while the authorial narrator of this most postmodern of post- Vatican II novels proceeds with self-conscious caution, possessed of his own set of doubts, as he moves toward the open novel. Exploring various lives, plots, voices, and styles, Lodges artfully wrought yet ultimately provisional narrative keeps circling back to the question that troubles his characters How farthermost can you go? in the search for what is vital in the living of a life and the writing (or reading) of a novel. Small WorldLodge goes still further, geographically as well as narratively speaking, in his next novel. A campus fiction for the age of the global campus, Small World begins at a decidedly provincial run into in Rummidge in 1978 and ends at a mammoth Modern Language Association conference in New York one year later, with numerous international stops in between as Lodge recycles characters and invents a host of intersecting stories (or narrative flight paths). The pace is frenetic and thematically exhaustive but, for the glad reader, never exhausting. The basic plot upon which Lodge plays his add-on variations begins when Persse McGarriglepoet and conference virginmeets the elusive angelica Pabst.As Angelica pursues literary theory at a number of international conferences, Persse pursues her, occasionally glimpsing her sister, a pornographic actress, Lily Papps, whom he mistakes for Angelica. Meanwhile, characters from earlier Lodge novels reappear to engage in affairs and rivalries, all in the international academic milieu. A parody of (among other things) the medieval quest, Lodges highly allusive novel proves at once entertaining and instructive as it combines literary modes, transforms the traditional novels world of characters into semiology world of signs, and turns the tables on contemporary literary theorys celebrated demystifications by demystifying it. At novels end, Lodge makes a guest appearance, and Persse makes an exit, in pursuit of another object of his chaste desire.The quest continues, but that narrative fact d oes not mean that the novel necessarily endorses the kind of extreme open-endedness or inconclusiveness that characterizes certain contemporary literary theories. Rather, the novel seems to side with the reconstructed Morris Zapp, who has lost his faith in deconstruction, claiming that although the niche of meaning may be endless, the individual is not Death is the one concept you cant deconstruct. Work back from there and you end up with the old idea of an autonomous self. Nice Work Zapps reduced expectations typify Lodges eighth novel, Nice Work , set close entirely in Rummidge but alsoas in How Far Can You Go? evidencing his interest in bringing purely literary and academic matters to bear on larger social issues.The all important(p) doubleness of this geographically circumscribed novel manifests itself in a series of contrasts between the ordinal and twentieth centuries, literature and life, the Industrial Midlands and Margaret Thatchers economically thriving (but morally b ankrupt) London, male and female, and the novels two main characters. Vic Wilcox, age forty-six, managing director of a family-named but conglomerate-owned foundry, rather ironically embodies the male qualities his name implies. Robyn Penrose is everything Vic Wilcox is not young, attractive, intellectual, cosmopolitan, idealistic, politically aware, sexually liberated, as androgynous as her name, and, as temporary lecturer in womens studies and the nineteenth century novel, ill-paid. The differences between the two are evident even in the narrative language, as Lodge takes pains to unobtrusively adjust discourse to character.The sections devoted to Vic, a phallic sort of bloke, are fitly straightforward, whereas those dealing with Robyn, a character who doesnt believe in character, reflect her high degree of self-awareness. In order to bring the two characters and their quite different worlds unitedly, Lodge invents an Industry Year Shadow plot that involves Robyns following Vic around one workday per week for a semester. Both are at first reluctant participants. Displeasure slowly turns into dialogue, and dialogue eventually leads to bed, with sexual roles reversed. Along the way Lodge smuggles in a considerable amount of literary theory as Vic and Robyn enter each others worlds and words the phallo and logocentric literalmindedness of the one coming up against the feminist-semiotic awareness of the other.Each comes to understand, even appreciate, the other. Lodge does not stop there. His ending is implausible, in fact flatly unconvincing, but deliberately soa parody of the only solutions that, as Robyn points out to her students, the Victorian novelists were able or willing to offer to the problems of industrial capitalism a legacy, a marriage, emigration or death. Robyn will receive two proposals of marriage, a lucrative job offer, and an heritage that will enable her to finance the small company Vic, recently fired, will found and direct and also enabl e her to stay on at Rummidge to try to make her utopian dream of an educated, classless English society a reality.The impossibly happy ending suggests just how slim her chances for success are, but the very existence of Lodges novel seems to undermine this irony, leaving Nice Work and its reader on the bunt between aspiration and limitation, belief and skepticism, the romance of how things should be and the reality, or realism, of how things area border area that is one of the hallmarks of Lodges fiction. Paradise News Paradise News centers on the quest motif and the conflicts of a postmodern English Catholic. Bernard Walsh, a sceptical theologican, was formerly a priest but now teaches theology at the University of Rummidge. Summoned, along with his father, to see his aunt, who left England after World War II and is now dying in Hawaii, Walsh signs up for a package tour to save money. The rumpled son and his curmudgeon father join a comic assortment of honeymooners, disgruntled fa milies, and other eccentrics Lodge calls an airport jibe carnivalesque. When the father breaks his leg on the first morning, Bernard must negotiate to bring his father and his aunt together so that his aunt can finally reveal and overcome the sexual abuse she suffered in childhood. Bernards go to Hawaii becomes a journey of discovery in his sexual initiation with Yolande, who gently leads him to fare himself and his body. A major theme, as the title suggests, is paradise. Hawaii is the false paradiseparadise lost, fallen, or package by the tourist industryyet a beautiful, natural backdrop is there, however worn and sullied. Paradise emerges from within the individuals who learn to talk to one another. The news from paradise includes Bernards long letter to himself, which he secretly delivers to Yolande, and letters home from members of the tour group.As with Lodges other novels, prominent themes are desire and repression in English Catholic families and a naive academics quest for self. In a complex tangle of human vignettes, Bernard moves from innocence and repression to an awakening of both body and spiritan existential journey that is both comic and poignant. Therapy Therapy centers on another spiritual and existential quest. Lawrence (chunky) Passmore, successful writer of television comedies, is impress by knee pains and by anxiety that leads him, after reading the works of Soren Kierkegaard, to consider himself the unhappiest man. want psychotherapy, aromatherapy, massage therapy, and acupuncture, Tubby moves through a haze of guilt and anxiety.When his wife of thirty years asks for a divorce, he seeks solace with a series of women, with each quest ending in comic failure. obsess with Kierkegaards unrequited love, Tubby launches a quest for the sweetheart whom he feels he wronged in adolescence. Lodges concern with the blurring of literary forms is evident in Tubbys preoccupation with writing in his journal, sometimes writing Browningesque monol ogues for other characters. Opening with an epigraph from Graham Greene asserting that writing itself is therapy, Lodge takes Tubby through a quest for self through writing that coincides with a literal pilgrimage when he joins his former sweetheart, Maureen, on a hiking pilgrimage in Spain.When Tubby at last finds Maureen, her recollections of their teenage romance lessen his guilt, and his troubles seem trivial in comparison with her losing a son and surviving breast cancer. At the end, Tubby is planning a trip (a pilgrimage) to Kierkegaards home with Maureen and her husband. Tubbys real therapy has been self-discovery through writing in his journal other therapies and journeys have failed. Intertwined with existential angst, Tubbys physical and psychological journeys are both comic and sad, with an underlying sense of the power of human goodness and the need to overcome repressions. Findings and treatment Conclusion References