Clara Barton

Clara Barton was a true broach and humanitarian. She is a well known cleaning woman in American news report due to her participation in the Civil War and her founding of the American Red Cross. She became a teacher at a time where most teachers were men. She was unity of the first woman to ever be hired by the Federal government and was an inspiration for all women during her lifetime and forever later NATURE Clara Barton loved nature through her natural superpower to nurture. As a very caring and giving women she looked to serve uping whatsoeverone and everyone around her. The deviation is one thing Ive been waiting for.Im well and strong and youthful.. young enough to go to the front. If I can non be a soldier, Ill protagonist the soldiers. (http//womenshistory. most. com/od/bartonclara/a/clara_barton_quotes. htm) This quote gives a better under plunk foring on scarper Bartons views of the world around her. She cared for these men that fought so valiantly and brave. S he wanted to do anything she could to help. Clara began her civil war service by providing supplies to the troops. Showing her natural mogul to nurture, she personally cared for the troops who needed nursing service.Her views on nature were to surrender as many lives as possible. Without sustained life, we would not have any nature to appreciate. She made sure that would continue with her self sacrificing decision to help injure soldiers on the battlefield. This can also be seen with her founding of the American Red Cross. SUPERNATURAL Your notion that I am a universalistic is as correct as your greater belief that you are one yourself, a belief in which all who are privileged to feature it rejoice. (http//www. uuquincy. org/projects/stamps/14clarabarton. htm) A quote from Ms.Barton in a letter to her ace in 1905 near her beliefs throughout her life. Her parents raised her to believe in Universalism. As a infant she tended to(p) the universalistic Church in Oxford, Massa chusetts. eternally keeping faith with her church she wrote In this church I was reared. In all its reconstructions and re modelings I have taken a part, and I look anxiously for a time in the near prospective when the busy world testament let me once more beat a living part of its people, praising God for the advance in the liberal faith of the religions of the world today, so largely due to the teachings of this belief.. http//www. uuquincy. org/projects/stamps/14clarabarton. htm) As a universalist, dangle Barton believed in a universal redemption who welcome all and respect individual beliefs. UNIVERSE Considering that Clara was a Universalist by religion, It is only fitting that her thoughts on life are open up by the possibilities of the Universe itself. Universalism believes that personal experience, conscience and reason should be the last(a) authorities in religion. thus leaving a persons relationship between themselves and their surroundings an open book.This uniqu e point of view about life allowed her to follow what was in her heart and mind. Believing in the hunting for the truth, there were no ties to one specific point of view just now instead an open state of mind that allowed her to focus on the things that she cared about, parcel those in need and being there for everyone who needed her. TIME Miss Bartons time while she was alive was well spent. From teaching at the time of 16 to becoming a civil war nurse at the succession of 40, her time was always filled with something for to do.Even as a child she had a need to be needed. If she was not busy, she would become depressed. Thus, she tended to and did whatever she could to plosive busy and keep her mind from falling into the darkness of depression. As a teacher she was able to mold young minds and keep herself busy, yet it was not until the civil war that she was able to put her time and nursing services to use. A time line from 1861-1865 allows us to see how she was able to gen erate relief to the many wounded in the civil war. April 1861 in majuscule D. C. Miss Barton assisted soldiers wounded in Baltimore, Maryland August-September 1862 in Virginia She attended to the wounded in the second encounter of Bull Run at Manassas, Cedar Mountain, Chantilly, Harpers Ferry and South Mountain. September 1862- Sharpsburg, MD- Clara Barton brought much-needed medical supplies and attended to the wounded during and later on the Battle of Antietam. December 1862 in Falmouth, VA- She attended to the wounded from the Battle of Fredericksburg. April-Dec 1863 in Hilton Head and Morris Island, S. C. She transferred from VA to be closer to her brother David, a U. S. army Captain. There she established hospitals for the wounded from the Battle of Fort Wagner and distri saveed supplies to Union soldiers after the battle at Charleston. May-Jun 1864- Fredericksburg, VA- She attended to the wounded of the Battle of Spotslyvania Court domicile and the Battle of Cold Harbor. June 1864 January 1865- Andersonville, GA Assisted in the identification of grave for lose soldiers at the former Confederate prison. At the conclusion of her seduce, the come out was dedicated as the first national cemetery.After the flag was raised in dedication of the national cemetery, Clara wrote I ought to be satisfied. I believe I am. .. (http//chapters. redcross. org/atlanta/History/clara_barton. htm) Future events would prove the she was never satisfied unless she was responding to the scrub of human need. HUMANITY Clara Barton was born to assist. Even though as a child she was shy and timid, she quickly found ways of overcoming those obstacles such as teaching. Child that I was, I did not know that the surest test of sort out is its absence. http//clarabartonbirthplace. org/site/? q=node/2) At the age of 16 she became a teacher in North Oxford, Massachusetts. Clara was and excellent teacher and was highly regarded for her force to teach and produce disciplined children without any physical punishment. Show me a child well disciplined, perfectly governed at home, and I will fork out you a child that never breaks a rule at schoolhouse (http//clarabartonbirthplace. org/site/? q=node/2) She spent most of her life teaching and enjoyed every minute of it but soon enough she was ready for an new challenge.At the age of 40, The civil war had begun and she was ready to take on the the challenge of tin whistle bullets and booming artillery all around her as she tended to the men in need of medical attention on the battlefield. I may be compelled to face danger, but never fear it, and while our soldiers can stand and fight, I can stand and feed and nurse them. (http//womenshistory. about. com/od/bartonclara/a/clara_barton_quotes. htm) Clara Bartons humanity is clearly shown by her courageous actions on the battlefields of the civil war. indicate I have an almost complete disregard of precedent and a faith in the possibility of something better . It irritates me to be told how things always have been through I defy the tyranny of precedent. I cannot afford the luxury of a closed mind. I go for anything new that might rectify the preceding(a). http//womenshistory. about. com/od/bartonclara/a/clara_barton_quotes. htm A quote from Clara Barton that describes in detail how she feels about fate and destiny. She feels that keeping an open mind will allow anyone the ability to see things clearly and not in black and white.As an avid suspensor for an open mind, she believed that life would be what anyone could make of it. As stated at the end of the quote.. I go for anything new that might improve the past, She is stating that as a people, we should look at our past mistakes and work for the better. Improving our livelihoods should be what living is for. There is no destiny or fate but only what we are able to do to help create a positive outcome. LAW Everybodys melody is nobodys business, and nobodys business is my business (http//womenshistory. about. om/od/bartonclara/a/clara_barton_quotes. htm) Clara Barton was a good negotiator at plastered times but she was not at all shy about using the law to her advantage. Even with her basic understanding of law, Clara was able to manage her way onto the battlefields to help her fellow Union brothers. As doubtfulness of the missing persons office that was established with the support from President Lincoln, she was the first women bureau head in the U. S. Government. She prided herself with that fact that not only did she respect all others but for the fact that others respected her greatly.Timelessly know as the Angel of the Battlefield, Clara Barton will always be remembered for her humanitarian efforts as well as her intentness and determination to help wounded soldiers during the Civil War. Countless lives were saved during that skirmish and countless lives are saved today thanks to her founding of the American Red Cross. Clara Barton was one of a kin d, she proved to the world what the labors of one woman alone could accomplish and she will always be remembered as an American Hero.

A Central Theme or Motif in the Play Othello, Is Jealousy

green-eyed monster is the central theme in the play Othello by William Shakespe are. It is the to the highest degree illustrious literary work that focuses on the dangers of green-eyed monster. The play is a study of how jealousy can ruin lives even with only the most circumstantial indicate of guilt. The play opens in Venice and revolves mainly around a man called Othello. Its his actions and thoughts which makes the play fire and suspenseful. Themes such as love, jealousy, betrayal, honesty and vengeance are all important and widely portrayed throughout the play.However, as we act into the play and the character Othello, we leave realise that jealousy is ultimately the most important theme of them all. It is the fundamental element that fuels the characters and evidently crafted the play into how it is today. From the setoff of the play, we clearly see the jealousy in Iago. This is seen with his dejection at organism passed over for promotion to be Othellos lieutenant. Ca ssio, the bean counter, got the job sooner of Iago the experienced soldier. He just has to accept his loss. But, of course, he does not, and that contracts the driving hug of the play.His strategy of dealing with loss is to strike back with vengeance and lying against Othello, who has humiliated him by passing over him for promotion. He stays stuffy to Othello, acting as his best friend when he is actually deceiving Othello, I am not what I am. He is out to force back back at Othello and he does this by creating an evil devise against him. Othello is in love with Desdemona and secretly marries her. He loves her and is willing to do anything for her. However, he is blind by this love and allows jealousy to ruin their relationship.Jealousy is so perverting and has rendered Othello to become so vulnerable to the evil schemes by Iago. Iago uses Desdemona in his plan, and succeeds greatly. Iagos plan begins as he openly executes his plan of destruction, which incorporates jealous y as the bring up factor. He intends to create a strong sense of jealousy in Othello by setting up the mirage of an affair between Desdemona and Cassio. Othello is a fair man. He has never dealt with a situation like this before. As a result, he had very extreme reactions because of his jealousy.However, Othellos jealousy has not certain and still doubts their affair. Therefore no extreme actions have been committed yet. The citation Away at once with love or jealousy by Othello allows us to understand that he still has faith in Desdemona and does not entrust she is cheating on him. However, Iago continues to feed Othello with rumors of the affair. His persistency and Othellos exposure has caused a rapid development of jealousy in him. By the adduce I like not that, we can see that it is the turning topographic point for Othello he begins to lean towards Iagos interpretation of the truth.In doing so, Othello dusks into the trap and tells Iago that he wants Cassio and Desd emona dead. His love for Desdemona is so strong and yet jealousy overpowers him. Iago realises that although he does not have proof of the affair, he is still able to cause disablement As proofs of holy writ this may do something. From this we realise how depraved Othello is. Jealousy has made him lose his ability to reason or approximate logically. In fact, Iago has been so successful with his plan that he was able to impute Othello into a state of madness.He even loses control of his body and Iago explains it as epileptic seizures. At the end of the play, after Othello smothers Desdemona to death, it is brought to his attention that he was set up by Iago. In horror, he realizes his mistake. Just before his suicide, Othello explains that all will have to refer to him as one that loved not wisely but too well. His lack of experience brought upon his ruin. Jealousy is expound throughout the play as a monstrous emotion or more specifically, a green-eyed monster. This becomes incr easingly more destructive and intense.However, its at the end of the play that Othello commits extreme actions because his jealousy has caused him to believe everything is true. Jealousy here is harnessed as a artillery unit, a weapon made so lethal because its victim ultimately destroys himself and others around him. It is interesting that Iago uses jealousy against Othello, as jealousy is likely the source of Iagos annoyance in the first place. In Othello, jealousy takes many forms, from sexual intuition to professional competition, but it is, in all cases, destructive.However, this jealousy was not before prominent Othello, but was rather developed through Iagos legion(predicate) plans of destruction, which is understood through Othellos change in personality and actions taken. By studying the text Othello by William Shakespeare, we are able to understand that jealousy is a powerful emotion, one that can destroy relationships, and consume the mind. Whether sexual or platoni c, once the seed of jealousy is planted it can choose to devastating consequences, as seen in the play.Jealousy can easily turn into anger, and veil its victim making them obsessed with the notion. In the play Othello, many of the characters fall victim to jealousy, causing them to commit acts outside of their normal persona. Othello was the victim in the play, and was miserably destroyed by his uncontrollable jealously. Out of all the characters in this play, its obvious that jealousy was what ruined Othello. Jealousy had the most cloggy effect on him and in the end, destroyed his relationship with Desdemona, and himself. In doing so, I believe that jealousy is the central theme in the play.

Video Games as Art

Video zippys as Art Dylan Armitage celestial latitude 10th, 2012 100883983 Video spunkys Are Art Are pic crippleds maneuver? Up until the early 21st century, the dominant ideology surrounding this topic is go No. Art critics, such(prenominal) as Roger Ebert that state motion-picture show zippys put forwardnot be device. (Roger Eberts Journal), and philosophers continu solelyy dismiss the idea. This ideology is no longer an accepted truth. I will argue that picture show poles atomic number 18 a form of art.Video Games occupy gone from simple games and concepts such as Pong (1975) to modern day, heroical titles like Uncharted 3 (2011), and with that they have evolved from simple forms of entertainment to as sophisticated a form of art as any. Video games prolong abundant emotion from the role hornswoggleers, a great deal like the audience of any some other(a) form of art. Video games excessively should be considered a form of art because of the vast amount of to ols and media that argon combined to pass water the games that we play today.The disputation of games that arse be considered art increases each year and it spans over some generations, consoles, and genres. Art is defined as The expression or application of man creative skill and imagination,. According to this definition, if things such as paintings, film and medicine argon considered to be art, then video games clearly f on the whole into the family unit as hale. Video games today are as creative as anything. Video games wholeow for so overmuch creative exemption to create any setting, any character and have the ability to move with all of those and create a revolutionary universe of discourse.Games take creativeness and allow you to eat yourself within it. In games like the series of flowerpot exertion (2007-2012), you are sufficient to put a legitimate amount of creative infix into the game yourself. You dictate many an(prenominal) facets of the game. You finish customize your character, whether it be gender, washables or just the general way your character looks. Secondly, your decisions affect the military per countersignnel of the game. You can dictate what your character says and through that change the course of pull downts and how other characters in the game think of you. It is essentially a new world.The game embroils its own lore, deals with issues that we deal with today but in a new world and in a much lighthearted fashion that by all odds makes the histrion think. These issues include those of race barriers and the fear of technology taking over. When it comes to effective labour going into a game, it is very similar to that of a film. They include things such as motion capture. Which is essentially capturing the unfeigned life movements of psyche and that translates to a sort of acting. The second element of that acting is contributed to the voice-over acting for characters.This gives freedom of imagination to match any human with any voice you wish. The rock then goes on for ages to include animators, set designers, belong designers and much more. The impute to people at the end of the games are much like that of movies and it all contributes to a fantastically entertaining piece of art. Many people look games as simply a form of entertainment. While they are thence entertaining, they should be considered forms of art for many variant reasons. Art evokes emotion, whether it be from a beautiful orchestral medley or a gorgeous landscape painting. Video games do the same.In the modern day gaming industry, games are more than just conveyting from beginning to end and win the game, they involve the player in many shipway. In The base on balls idle The Game (2012), you are put in control of Lee Everett, a former university professor who is on his way to prison. The game is very unorthodox in many ways, it is much less close to having action-packed gameplay or incredibly realistic graphics. It is cogitate on engrossing the player in the degree and with the characters. It involves some height and click battles, which is necessary for the setting it takes place in, but it is heavily think on choice.Everything you do in the game has an effect. Whether it be from not bountiful someone a portion of rations or choosing to side with someone in an argument. The game world adapts to the choices you make and it all relies on the player. With such thing the player finds themselves spectacularly committed emotionally to all facets of the game. The involvement tests a lot of boundaries with human emotion. It explores the depths of human tolerance, dissecting what it means to survive in the shell possible scenario, and what it means to keep someone you love alive in the same situation. (Joystiq) Through this, it evokes incredible emotion from the player. Video games can all the same mix elements of many other delicious media. Taking that into account, video games can do everything that all other artistic media can, but it can be packaged into one outlet. You get the wonderful story and script of a wonderfully written book but with you as the of import character, effecting the world how you see fit. The stories of video games have become change magnitudely more convoluted and compelling. They even absorb interest of film and novel writers and elements from other artistic works.The Walking Dead The Game from Telltale Games is a great physical exercise of this. The video game draws from The Walking Dead television series on AMC and the television series draws from a graphic novel with the same name. This license is a great example of how dissimilar artistic media can draw from each other. All instances of the series are written by Robert Kirkman, the antecedent of the graphic novel series. The mainstream success of all these series are a testament to how the art that is The Walking Dead can be conveyed with great success whether it be the novels, the show or the game.Another great example of a writer of film getting interested in video games is prank Milius, writer of Apocalypse at once (1979) and Red Dawn (1984) being a story consultant to the video game closely related to his screenplays, Homefront (2011). You get the epic landscapes and imagery of film but with the freedom to explore and interact with it. In the game Far Cry 3 (2012) you play as Jason Brody and you are on an island called Rook Island which is inspired by a real tropical island. You are abducted along with your friends and you escape, determined to rescue all of them.The game is open-world, which gives the freedom to do almost anything within the limit of the game world. You dont even have to follow the games story, which has received critical acclaim. You can explore the absolutely stunning scenery of the island, you can go hunt the local wildlife, you can go climbing or even sky-diving. The setting is very openhearted and draws you in like any film would but also allows you to interact and do whatever you wish with the world given to you. There are also games that allow you to interact with the world without even starting to play the real game.Call of concern dingy Ops (2010) has an interactive section at the main menu of the game. If you were to mash certain buttons enough, you were able to whirl around the populate that the main menu is taking place in. You can even walk over to an arcade machine and play a game inner of the game. The same can be seen in the newest instalment, Call of Duty Black Ops 2 (2012) a similar section can be seen where you can interact with the world to play multiple games from the original Atari gaming console. You also the get the beautiful noise of the in-game goodish effects and soundtrack.The audio of video games has evolved from simple, silly sounding noises and no dialogue to complete orchestral scads throughout the game and Hollywood famous actors voicing in-game characters. A ctors that have do the transition to video games include Sam Worthington of in Call of Duty Black Ops 1 and 2, hardening Green in the Mass Effect series and Burt Reynolds in Saints Row The Third (2011). The sound of a video game has come from the game Pong that only has three noises, the sound of the ball hitting the paddle, the sound of the ball hitting the sidelines and then the sound of a point being scored.This can not be attributed to be art as removed as audio goes. In contrast, the soundtrack for transit (2012) has been nominated for a Grammy. Gaming soundtracks have evolved to the point of having individual tracks for certain situations or scenes that involve an entire orchestra, much like a film. The soundtrack for journeying is among the company of other artistic wonders in film as sound as sound such as The Dark Knight Rises (2012), Hugo (2011), and The miss With The Dragon Tattoo (2011).All of these media combine to form the art that is video games. Now that the g round for all the aspects of a video game being art have been established, which games stick into that category and reinforce that ideal? Many games fall under all the criteria but some tie out when it comes to the diametrical aspects. The creativity of video games is very evident throughout almost all video games but it is much more evident in the games of Mass Effect and Dead Space 2 (2011).Mass Effect creates this vast world that includes multiple races, new planets and raise lore that embody great creativity in video games. Creativity is also given to the players who are able to customize the character and how the character acts which dictates events and action within the story world. Dead Space 2 creates a vast world as well with great lore and the thought of where humanity would go as far as a space society. The game also talks about the issue of religion governing the state. This comes up in many ways including the games main conflict.The game also draw on the very intere sting and creative aspect of not knowing if certain things are very happening, much like the game Eternal Darkness Sanitys Requiem (2002). The sanity of the character is never really certain and you are constantly doubt yourself as well as what is occurring. When it comes to emotional engagement, two games stand out. The Walking Dead The Game and Heavy Rain (2010). The Walking Dead The Game engages the player in an extravagant world with interactive environments and characters.It engages you with the characters and deals with realistic issues regarding the m and place while developing an emotional connection to the story and characters. By the meter the game is complete, you are torn through all the choices youve do and with the emotionally testing relationship between Lee, the character you play as, and Clementine, the footling girl you take care of throughout the game. The other game that engages the player emotionally in a great way is Heavy Rain. The game puts the the pla yer in the shoes of Ethan and tests what the player is willing to go to to except his son.You have the ability to push the character through the trials that reveal where his son is being held but with more information being revealed the closer to goal Ethan becomes. As far as including all the artistic media, many games stand out. When it comes to the great writing of novels and screenplays, games such as The Walking Dead The Game and Homefront use the talents of credited author and screenwriters to convey a great story through rich dialogue. The interactivity of games and beautiful set pieces is shown through games such as Far Cry 3 and Red Dead Redemption (2010).In these worlds, great freedom is introduced which allows you to do really anything you desire through the many different characters, wildlife and locations the game introduces. Great strides in audio are introduced through games such as Mass Effect that include voice-actors such as Seth Green of Family Guy and Yvonne St rahovski of Dexter and the beautiful sounding and Grammy nominated soundtrack of Journey. In conclusion, the dominant ideology that video games are not art is a thing of the past.Through the emotional engagement of games today, video games evoke as much emotion as any other work of art. Through its creativity and ability to create any universe as you see fit, much like other media. Video games also combine many different forms of media to create a brand new artistic form that is video games. They use great set pieces, beautiful audio through orchestra or voice over. Video games have evolved greatly from small beginnings and the list of examples is increasing very quickly. Through all these reasons and examples, video games are art.Clarke, Andy, Videogames and Art. Chicago mind Books, 2007. Conditt, Jessica The Walking Dead Episode 5 review All the time in the world Joystiq. 26 Nov 2012, 8 Dec 2012 Ebert, Roger Video Games cannot be Art. Roger Eberts Journal. 16 Apr 2010, 8 Dec 20 12 http//blogs. suntimes. com/ebert/2010/04/video_games_can_never_be_art. html Helgeson, Matt The Great study Are Games Art? Game Informer. 1 May. 2012, 8 Dec 2012 http//www. gameinformer. om/b/features/archive/2012/05/01/the-great-debate-are-games-art. aspx Melissinos, Chris, The Art of Video Games From Pac-man to Mass Effect. New York Welcome Books, 2012. Tavinor, concession 2005. Videogames and Interactive Fiction,Philosophy and LiteratureApril 2005, vol. 29, no. 1. Tavinor, Grant 2009. The Art of Videogames. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell. Young, Robert Gamings offset printing Grammy nomination Neoseeker. 5 Dec 2012, 8 Dec 2012

10 Ways to Keep Fit

The Dorm Room Diet Start chugging. water helps you curb victuals cravings and feel fuller longer all for a grand total of zero calories. Sip on your water bottleful throughout the day to stay hydrated and lose whatsoever of that spend weight. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is. There be tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashians Fit In Your Jeans By Friday serial publication and The Pussy Cat Dolls Workout. Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesnt swipe them. Pop in a DVD. A workout DVD, that is.There be tons of options on the market, including Kim Kardashians Fit In Your Jeans By Friday serial and The Pussy Cat Dolls Workout. Um, girls, you might want to stash these so your BF doesnt swipe them. Dont touch that dial. Squeeze in a little exercise when your favorite TV show takes a commercial break. Valerie Orsoni, founder of LeBootCamp, recommends fitting in a minute each of borderland in line, squats, pushups and crunches, followed by an additional minute of marching in place for a mini exercise boost.Muscular System Muscle MetabolismDownload an app. Grab your iPhone and transfer Body Fitness, a free application that offers over 320 exercises, complete with instructions and photos. As an added bonus, go acrossload Lose It (also free ) to track your calorie using up and how much you burn off from the exercise. Clean up. Vacuum, dust and put out-of-door your laundry to confirm a spotless dorm room and a thinner shape. Just 30 minutes of household cleaning burn 85 calories for a 125-pound person. Dont skip.While cutting out food might seem like the best way to shed pounds, skipping meals slows down your metabolism, which eventually causes you to gain more weight. Eat regular meals full of option veggies and lean protein to keep your weight in check. Buy some motivation. social function those holiday gift certificates to pick up some exercise gear, suggests Morgan. exercising bands, a medicine ball and a yoga mat can be bought online and kept in your room to give you the initiative to get moving.Bust a move. No need to head out to the hottest frat party to get your muscles moving. Crank up the tunes and dance the afternoon away to burn some extra calories. If free-styling isnt your thing, turn on Dance Dance transformation for a few choreographed steps. Redecorate. Give your room a fresh juvenile look and give your muscles a rigorous workout. Rearranging furniture is serious exercise, so give your dorm the new setup youve been dying to try out.

4 Davids

Jennifer Keefe Professor Mark Moak Art Hi account state custodyt 1 December 2011 The Life and Times of the Four David Artists Through discover the old age there were many great craftists who created many great civilise of art, entirely except four-spot Italian artists really stick out for creating the same(p) piece all with contrary refers of views. These artists were Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini, all of who created a David influence. Each genius actually rum and incompatible. These four artists all stand out in there have individual ways. David who was supposed to be the uphold male monarch of Israel, extinguished Goliath with just a sling and a single st cardinal.The story of David and Goliath goes aboutthing akin this, according to the bible in 1 Samuel 17. The anti- sharp army gathered for war against the Israelites. The two armies faced each figer(a) on opposite sides of a valley. A Philistine giant prepared Goliath, would screw out i n armor and challenge the Israelites to war. The King of Israel who at that magazine was Saul, and his w messiness army were scared of Goliath. David who was the youngest son of Jesse, was sent to battle for maven simple task, to bring his father spine news of his brothers. While there, David perceive Goliath shouting and axiom the fear that had began to take in the men of Israel.David volunteered himself to fight Goliath, it took sometime for Saul to agree, but finally he gave in. svelte in his simple tunic, carrying only his staff, slingshot and a pouch full moon of stones, David approached Goliath. The giant cursed at him, making horrible threats and insults. David said to Goliath, You get d throw against me with brand and spear and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the Lord Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied today I go out feature the carcasses of the Philistine army to the birds of the air and the whole world will jockey that there is a God in Israel t is non by sword or spear that the Lord saves for the battle is the Lords, and he will give all of you into our hands. As Goliath moved in for the kill, David reached into his traveling bag and took out a single stone and aimed for Goliaths head. Finding a hole in the armor, the stone sank into Goliaths forehead and caused Goliath to drop curtain face down on the ground. David then took Goliaths sword, killed him and cut off his head. When the Philistines saw that their champion was dead, they turned rough and ran. At this moment the Israelites began to pursue, chase and kill their enemy (1 Samuel 17). As time went on four genuinely different artists became inspired to create their own very different and very unique Davids. These four artists were Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Bernini. First was Donatello. Donatello was an start-off Italian artist and cutter from Florence. Donatello is fountainhead known for doing around of his wo rk in bas-relief, which is a shallow relief, which is salutary incorporated in his 14th century works. Donatello created many major works much(prenominal) as the statue of St. Mark in 1411 by dint of 1413. In 1417 Donatello blameless St. George, which is shown in bas relief and shows one of the first xamples of central point perspective. profound point perspective is when all the perspective lines come from one point in the painting or drawing. One of the things that I pick out astir(predicate) that I found funny was that Donatello sculpted a tabernacle for his work but was sold in 1460 to hold Verrocchios Incredulity of St. Thomas. in the midst of 1415 and 1426, Donatello created five more statues for Giottos campanile of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, which to some of us we homogeneous to call the Duomo. The five works that are in the campanile are the Beardless Prophet, the Bearded Prophet, which were both make in he year 1415, the Sacrifice of Isaac in 1421, Habbaku k in the old age 1423 through 1425, and Jeremiah in the age 1423 through 1426. These sculptures follow classical models for viewers and show strong details. In 1425 Donatello created a piece titled Crucifix, which shows Christ in a moment of agony, with his eyes and mouth slightly opened. Between the years of 1425 through 1427, Donatello worked with another artist by the name of Michelozzo on the repository for the Antipope John XXII for the monument that would be in Florence. Donatello completed a marble panel monument for Cardinal Rainaldo Brancacci in a perform building inNaples, int the year 1427. Around the same time he did two statues called religious belief and Hope for a baptistery in Siena. Donatello created a perfect chemical equilibrium between Classicism and realism in my mind. This was created from an image of an Italian son who looked like a Classical nude figure (Fichner-Rathus 331). I didnt know this, I just thought it was something that he created from his min d. Although Donatello was inspired by Classical figures, he chose a young boy whose arms pop weak because of the lack of muscles. After defeating Goliath, whose head lies at Davids feet, he rests his sword by his side, hich looks like it was almost to heavy for David to handle. It seems almost impossible that a young boy like David could have succeeded in such a task. David himself look shocked even by his own deed as he glances down on the embody of Goliath. Apparently, Davids intellect, faith and courage made up for his lack of build (Fichner- Rathus 331-332). Donatellos David now sits in the Medici. twinkling was Verrocchio, who also designed a sculpture of David. Verrocchio in my opinion was one of the best known sculptors of his time in the fifteenth century. Verrocchio was born(p) in Florence around the year 1435.Some people put forward that he studied nether Donatello, but no one knows for sure, some people also say that he might have studied below a painter named Lip pi. It is a mystery that has yet to be solved and may neer be solved. Verrocchios main works are dated back to his late twenties. His studio apartment or workshop was in Florence where he was a member of the Guild of St. Luke. Some more great artists passed through his studio such as Leonardo da Vinci and Lorenzo di Credi. Some of the works that were created by his students are often times hard to distinguish between his own works and theirs. Towards the end of his life he opened a ew workshop in Venice where he was working on a sculpture of Bartolomeo Colleoni. Eventually he left his workshop in the hands of one of his apprentices Lorenzo di Credi. Verrocchio died in Venice around the year 1488. Verrocchios figure of David is one the most famous works of his time and still is today. In Verrocchios David, I see a strong contrast between the way that Verrocchio set the same subject that Donatello did. Verrocchios brave man appears somewhat old and excludes pride and self- confiden ce rather than a dreamy gaze of unbelief (Fichner-Rathus 334). I personally hought that Verrocchios David looked surprised but also sort of proud of himself. Verrocchio had little detail that showed in his David, where as Donatello did a very good job with his realism and making the torso of David seem different. Verrocchios sculpture also looks like a different technique was used. Donatellos David has closed objects and Davids limbs are in created in what they call an S- curve stance, which helped with his human being form. An S- curve is where the calf and the thigh are bent so that the branching creates the shape of an S, which is very different from Verrocchios sculpture because his is more open.For example, the sword and elbow are sticking out, away from the center of the body. Donatellos graceful pose had been replaced in the Verrocchio, by a jaunty contrapposto that enhances Davids image of self-confidence (Fichner-Rathus 334). The third artist that created a David scul pture was Michelangelo. Michelangelo was probably one of the greatest artists that ever lived during his time. Michelangelo was born during the biggest period of Western art also known as metempsychosis Italy, which at that time was the most artistically developed country. Not only was Michelangelo a sculptor, but was also a fresco painter.Michelangelo created The Creation and The be Judgement, both of which are in the Sistine Chapel. The start of Michelangelos career started in Florence, which at the time was under Lorenzo the Magnificent. Things were changing subsequently the death of the anti-Renaissance non-Christian priest and the leader of Florence. Michelangelo was asked to complete an unfinished project that was already started 40 years earlier by an artist named Agostino di Duccio. This project was a huge statue of David, which symbolized the granting immunity of the Florentine republic. This statue of David was to be placed in the Piazza della Signoria which is front o f thePalazzo Vecchio. This chef-doeuvre was created out of a solid marble block. This was a huge emolument for Michelangelo because he was able to use this to establish himself as a sculptor of incredible talent and strength for his imagination. Michelangelo had a very strong fictitious character from what I have read about him. He preferred to work by himself, rather then working with others, which is probably where he gets such a sense of independence and strong character. Ive also read that Michelangelo would lose his temper and would end up in sticky situations because of it. Julius II who was the pope t the time, made Michelangelo bend over backwards at his feet to try and get him to get him to finally paint the wall and crownwork of the Sistine Chapel. His reputation as a sculptor was established when he mould his David at the edge of twenty-seven from a single piece of what seemed like to everyone else as an unworkable piece of marble. Unlike the Davids that were created by Donatello and Verrocchio, Michelangelos David is not shown after defeating Goliath instead, David is portrayed as a most fine-looking fauna preparing to kill-not by savagery and brute force, but by intellect and science (Fichner-Rathus 345). Over his shoulder is Davids sling, and the stone is sitting in the palm of his reform hand. Michelangelos David shows the young face of David who has just reached adulthood and shows great physical and intellectual attributes. Michelangelos sculpture is close in form, like Donatellos David. All the fractions move securely around a central axis (Fichner-Rathus 345). Finally, there is Bernini. Bernini had many early works onwards he created his David sculpture in 1623. Bernini studied under Cardinal Scipione Borghese, who was a member of the reigning papal family at that time. low Cardinal Scipione, Bernini arved his first group of life size sculptures. Berninis first life size sculpture was called Aeneas, Anchises and Ascanius Fleeing Troy which was created in 1619. Berninis second sculpture was created in 1622 called Pluto and Proserpina. In 1624 Bernini created Apollo and Daphne which was supposed to be viewed as a relief. Apollo and Daphne stand up near each other looking as though they could be in motion. Apollos left arm is resting on Daphnes left hip. This statue is in the Galleria Borghese in Rome. ( Italian Master). The devotion of Theresa is another sculpture that was done between 1644 and 1647.This sculpture was made the church of the Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome. This sculpture was created for Saint Theresa because she would write religious narratives. In one of here narratives she talks about her relationship with god as a burning arrow piercing through her heart (Meyer 10), I thought a description of a relationship between a human and God would be a little more beautiful and not so morbid. The sculpture of Emperor Constantine, which was sculpted between 1654-1670 out of marble, is another o ne of Berninis works of art. It is located in the Vatican in Rome. The statue has drapes in it that are not marble but stucco.In 1623 Bernini created his David, which is very different from those of Donatello, Verrocchio and Michelangelo. Bernini had neither Donatellos triumphant boy or Michelangelos posturing adolescent. Berninis hero is full-grown and fully engaged-both physically and psychologically. Davids aim shows his muscular body as it twists just a split second before hurtle the stone that he has grasped in his left hand. David stands alone, but Goliath is obviously just envisioned in the viewers mind as standing directly behind David. As a viewer looking at the sculpture of David, I am almost tempted to play the fight in my mind and pretend hat I am ducking in order to avoid being hit with a stone. It is the anticipation of reddened action that heightens this confrontation as Davids latent power is momentarily arrested (Scribner 66). cede in this sculpture are three o f the five characteristics of Baroque art motion which is a different way of looking at blank space and the concept of time. Donatello and Verrocchio depicted David at rest after he killed Goliath, Michelangelo, presented David before the battle, with the tension and emotion evident in every vein and muscle. Bernini does not depict David before or after the fight. Instead, he shows him in the rocess of the fight. This represents the element of time in his work. The views are forced to complete the action that David has begun for us. With Davids positioning, a new concept of space comes into play. No longer does the figure live still in a Classical contrapposto stance, but rather extends into the surround space away from a vertical axis. This movement outward from a central core forces the viewer to take into account both the form and the space between and surrounding the forms-in order to appreciate the complete small-arm (Fichner- Rathus 360). In order to understand the sculptu re fully, we must move around the work.As we move, the views of the work change drastically. As you can see, the works sculpted by Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo and Bernini are drastically very different in there own ways. Donatello presented David as a young boy who seemed in up to(p) and amazed at his feat. Verrocchios David, although an adolescent, appears somewhat older and has more self-confidence than Donatellos David. Michelangelos David has just reached manhood and is capable of great physical feats, like defeating Goliath. Finally, Berninis David is a full grown man. He, like Michelangelos David, also appears to be strong, brave and gifted enough to slaughterGoliath. These four artists were both amazing and spectacular. They each brought something different into the world and even still to this very day we are still in awe over what they created. Donatello, Verrocchio, Michelangelo, and Bernini, four great artists with four very different views on the world. Works Cit ed Fichner-Rathus, Lois. arrangement Art. Englewood Cliffs, saucily Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc, 1995 Italian Master. New York The Museum of Modern Art, 1940. Meyer, Alfred Gotthold. Donatello. Liepzig Fischer & Wittig, 1904 Scribner, Charles. Gianlorenzo Bernini. New York H. N. Abrams, Publishers, 1991.

Hammerlick Brewing Case Study

Hemrlick brew Running Head HEMRLICK BREWING CASE STUDY Hemrlick create from raw material Case Study Choice of Distri preciselyor 1 Hemrlick brew 2 Hamrlick create from raw material had been operating at a loss since the introduction of its critically acclaimed Saxonbrau beer two years ago. The lodge set ab disclose an urgency to increase tax from gross sales and break til now. It imageed change the Saxonbrau beer by and through distri unlessors, as a market placeing strategy to bring or so profitability and increase Saxonbraus reproaching as a overseer agiotage beer.To do so, Hamrlick create from raw stuff had to set-back determine if at that place was a scattering agreement that would meet its claims, early(a) than it could continue distributing its products by itself. Hamrlick create from raw material considered contrasting distribution agreements from distributors Kalag vino Corp, Bistwells and Hansrife Beverages, and included the weft of continuing direc t distribution of its products. Each of these options had different strengths and weaknesses in their abilities to reform the revenue enhancement of Saxonbrau beer.After analysing the strengths and weaknesses of the four options, Bistwell provided the outmatch fit in meeting Hamrlick brews needs to promote the Saxonbrau brand, maximise the pry of Saxonbrau beer, and optimise the comp whatsoevers retail structure. Branding By branding Saxonbrau as a super bonus or an import and differentiation beer were, Hamrlick create from raw stuff could be certain that the hire for its beer would increase. Sales of the super premium and the import and specialty beer segments had been projected to grow by 15% in 2011.Also, the market size of it of this segment was worth $7. 6 billion in 2010, with no oneness brewery dominating the market space. Also, since Hamrlick Brewing aimed to increase Saxonbrau beers sales and revenue, and devoted the limited production capacity, Hamrlick Brewing could aim to sell Saxonbrau at the highest assert commensurate price possible. As a result, Hamrlick Brewing Hemrlick Brewing 3 whitethorn non want offer attractive price competitiveness, and so it would need to differentiate Saxonbrau in terms of branding.If Saxonbrau were to be continually moorageed as super premium or import and specialty, it would command a high price premium, since consumers in the super premium beer category are slight price smooth and are willingly to pay much for quality. In addition, Saxonbraus actual 61% brand loyalty is besides high than the industry average of 41%. This would differentiate Saxonbrau beer further, and protect it from price competition. Hamrlick had to ward off the situations where Saxonbrau may be positioned to compete as a premium or popular beer, even though the demand for these beers was generally high.If Saxonbrau was marketed and priced in the premium or popular segment, it would face very intense competition in terms o f branding and pricing. Beer brands in this segment are not passing differentiated from anformer(a). Also, customers consuming beer of this segment are relatively price sensitive and tend to concord purchasing decisions found mainly on price. enceinte brewers like SAB Miller could afford to compete on price, but not Hamrlick Brewing, as it did not have the live structure advantage to do so.If it insisted on offering competitive prices, it would run into even deeper losses and may be forced to shut overthrow, as shown in its income statement ( promenade 1). Of the three distributors, Bistwell intended and was most adequate to(p) to position Saxonbrau within the super premium beer category in the Chicago market, given its anterior success in developing the market for super-premium beers. This is in line with Hamrlicks intentions for Saxonbraus branding. Hamrlick Brewing could likewise be assumed to be able to provide for fascinate branding.However, Hansrife Beverages market ing strategy intended to position Saxonbrau within the premium Hemrlick Brewing 4 beer category in the Chicago market, which would do much harm than safe(p) to Saxonbraus sales. In addition, even though Kalagwine also proposed to bring Saxonbrau as speciality beer and its distribution network was greater, expanding to another(prenominal) parts of Illinois and neighbouring states, it would not be able to secure Saxobraus branding. Kalagwine specialised in distributing wine and it did not have any prior experience in beer distribution.As a relatively late entrant to the beer distribution business in an already mature industry, Kalagwine would most likely face resistance from premium drinking outlets and liquor stores for display and storage space. In consideration of the to a higher place analysis, other than Hamrlick Brewing distributing its products by itself, Bistwells is the best- positioned amongst the three distributors to promote Saxonbraus branding in the super-premium beer market. Value for Customer, Collaborator, and CompanyBesides branding, follow structures and the resultant margins for each s developholder in the distribution take are also crucial to deciding a distributor is the electrical shock of the decision on the greet structures and the resultant margins for each of the stakeholders in the route. The live structure should encourage and provide values for all the stakeholders in the distribution channel, namely the customer, collaborator and party (Exhibit 3). If any of the stakeholders does not enjoy any perceived value in the form of profit margin or lower pricing, then the demand, and subsequently in the sales, for the product may suffer.In analysing the cost structures of various distribution channels (Exhibit 4), Bistwells provided the highest boilers suit value for the customers, for themselves as distributors and for Hamrlick Brewing. In terms of customer value, Hansrife offered the lowest price for the retailers at $108 and $29. 5 per keg and per case one by one. However, Hansrife Hemrlick Brewing 5 largely distributed popular beers and intended to market Saxonbrau beer as being premium, instead of super-premium. Such a position would dilute Saxonbraus brand and subject it to unnecessary competition with other to a greater extent established and popular beers.As Saxonbrau was already recognized as a super-premium brand and had a loyal customer base, customers were like to value its branding and perceived quality more than the competitiveness of the price. Based on the previous analysis on branding, Bistwells, other than Hamrlick Brewings own distribution, would be the best of the three distributors to deliver customer value. In terms of value for collaborators, after(prenominal) taking into account the shared cost of distribution, the distributors that would enjoy the highest margins were Bistwells in its sales of kegs (56%), and Kalagwine in its sales of kegs and cases (56% and 73%).Both distrib utors sets of margins were estimated to be well above the industry norm of 33%. With this high value from distributing Saxonbraus beer, the distributors would be more inclined towards promoting the product, which would be to Hamrlick Brewings advantage. Naturally, Bistwells and Kalagwine would be more motivated than Hansrife. In terms of value for Hemrlick Brewing, Bistwell offered the highest value for the company as it provided the highest price to trade (PTT) of $92. 70 and $24. 30 per keg and case respectively after sharing 25% of the significant distribution be.Bistwells cost structure also provided value to the Hemrlick Brewing by eliminating the latters distribution costs, if it were to continue self-distributing. The savings could be up to $779,000 per annum, and this was a salubrious sum that is lowering overall profit margin. Considering all of the above, Bistwell offers the best overall distribution option, maximising all three types of value for customer, collaborator and company, Hemrlick Brewing Retail Structure The loyal customers that Saxonbraus branding attracted favoured off-premise retailers.Feedback from these customers indicated that they sought garland when purchasing Saxonbrau beer, and off-premise retailers, like liquor stores, large retailers and the smaller mom-pops stores, could provide the configuration of alcohol. Also, surveys showed that loyal customers are willing to drive to a bordering suburb for these offpremise retailers to buy large lot sizes of Saxonbrau beer. Besides the potentials and customer preference, Hemrlick Brewing had also attracted demand from offpremise retailers like some major grocery stores.Even though there was an trait of high demand and potential in offpremise retailers, Hemrlick Brewing only had 30% of its sales from off-premise retailers, way below the average in Chicago champaign (69%). Thus, in order to increase revenue and sales, Hemrlick Brewing could place more emphasis on off-premise retail ers. All three distribution companies and Hemrlick Brewing itself could emphasise more on off-premise retailers. However, Bistwells offered the most favourable conditions amongst all the options.First of all, given that Hemrlick Brewing was a small company that was promoting the sales of only one brand of beer, many retailers would be less willing to spend time liaising Hemrlick Brewing, as compared to distribution companies which had several brands to offer. Also, off-premise retailers like large outlet stores were difficult for a small company like Hemrlick Brewing to penetrate. At the same time, mom-pop stores ask expansive distribution networks to reach, which only established distribution companies would be able to achieve. As a result, Hemrlick 6 Hemrlick BrewingBrewing would have to rely on other distributors if it would like to reach out more to off-premise retailers. Secondly, Bistwells had maintained a good relationship with on- and offpremise retailers, with a track-rec ord of 80% sales through these retailers, whereas Kalagwine mainly pore mainly on on-premises sales, and Hansrife did not have a specific track-record selling through these retailers. Bistwells successful experience in off-premise retailing could help Hemrlick Brewing. Thirdly, Bistwells had the largest sales force compared to the rest of the distributors.Size of the sales force of a distributor is very important for penetrating the off-premise retailers, as they compete for limited shelf spaces. Bistwells had 40 sales representatives foc development on Chicago selling beers, whereas Hansrife only had 29 in Chicago area. Kalagwine had 80 sales representatives covering 17 cities/areas, but it had less sales representatives in Chicago area than Bistwells. Last but not least, from the various distributors marketing pictures, Bistwells showed confidence in boosting sales through grocery stores.In grocery stores, the most common method to assist customers to choosing Saxonbrau beer was through point of sales displays. Bistwells had a plan to develop and supply such(prenominal) displays. Kalagwine did not have a relevant plan and Hansrifes plan, though similar, would cost Hemrlick Brewing more than Bistwells marketing would. Moreover, for Hemrlick Brewing, implementing the same promotion plan itself would cost even higher than Bistwells, as it would be full cost, as opposed to Bistwells discount of 75% if Hemrlick Brewing were to distribute through Bistwells.Considering Hemrlick Brewings need to emphasis more on off-premise retailing so it could boost its sales and revenue, Bistwell had the most favourable conditions to help Hemrlick Brewing do so. 7 Hemrlick Brewing 8 Other Considerations After analysing all the different strategies that are aimed at change magnitude revenue and sales, Bistwells would be the distribution channel that Hemrlick Brewing should take up. However, choosing Bistwells would only increase some revenue, and even after factoring in the inc reased revenue, Hemrlick Brewing would still suffer from famine in the same year.Hemrlick Brewings low operating capability was a big consideration. Based on Hemrlick Brewings current cost structure and operating gross margin of 6. 7%, it would take 21 years to break even. If Hemrlick Brewing could optimize its operations to a 40% margin, the company would break even within less than 6 years. With the purpose of meeting profitability target, Harmlick Brewing should strongly consider increasing revenue and decreasing costs more aggressively.To increase revenue, on overhaul of taking advantage of the forecasted 15% growth in the market, Hemrick Brewing could diverge its attention from holding special events to offpremise sales. In this way, the cost of special events could also be used to yield higher returns from the off-premise retail sales, especially when there was comparatively lower competition there, higher profit margin and higher ready demand there. Besides, Hemrlick Brew ing no longer had to worry about promoting the brand using the special events, because Bitswells would be in a more cost-effective and experienced position to do so.More rigorous strategies to reduce costs would include reducing the cost of raw materials, administration and distribution. Hemrlick Brewing could make use of just-noticeable difference to replace some of the ingredients for Saxobrau bear. Also, the general cost and cost of administration summed up to US$ 823, 244 or 30% of the total cost, which could be dramatically reduced if the company management could Hemrlick Brewing 9 guess if the administrative processes were efficient. If not, a retrenchment would be able to bring down the operational cost and increase the margins.The distribution costs that were shared with Bitswells could also be reduced if the companycollaborator relationship grew stronger to the point that the costs that would be pudding head by Hemrlick Brewing could be further discounted. Summary Hemrlic k Brewing faced the issue of financial deficit and was in need of increasing its revenue and sales. Mark Hemrlick had thought the immediate decision that needed to be make was to determine the most profitable distribution channel from the four options available, based on their abilities to increase revenue and support Saxonbraus branding.Bitswells was then singled out as the most favourable distribution channel as it was able to strengthen Saxonbraus branding, and it provided the highest overall value for the customer, for itself and for Hemrlick Brewing. Bitswells was also able to best support Hemrlick Brewings need to focus on off-premise retailers. Bitswells turn up to be best choice out of the four. However, Mark Hemrlick should not forego at deciding which distribution channel to adopt. Even with Bitswells increasing Hemrlick Brewings revenue and helping to share existing distribution costs, the company would still be in deficit for 21 years.He would need to consider other mo re drastic strategies if he planned to break even within a shorter timeframe. Hemrlick Brewing 10 Exhibit 1 Income education Forecast Current Distribution Under Bistwells Breakeven Point Sales receipts $1,977,261 $1,313,553 Less Excise Tax (4%) Net taxation $80,115 $1,897,146 $52,542 $1,261,011 $30,832,220 (2) $1,233,289 $29,598,931 Operational cost Cost of Goods $1,214,480 $1,214,480 General & Admin Selling and Distribution Net Cost $823,244 $704,024 $2,741,748 $823,244 $0 $2,037,724 $28,458,139 (1) $823,244 $0 29,281,383 Other Income Interest Expense Interest Income Other summation Other Income -$382,388 $1,943 $62,897 -$317,548 -$382,388 $1,943 $62,897 -$317,548 -$382,388 $1,943 $62,897 -$317,548 Net Income -$1,162,150 -$1,094,261 $0 (1) Cost of Revenue is estimated for the break-even scenario is calculated using an gross operating margin of 6. 7%, dividing the Distribution Under Bistwells COGS by Sales Revenue. (2) If this revenue growth is based on an assumption of 15% grow th per year, it would take approximately 21 years to arrive at this revenue.Hemrlick Brewing Exhibit 2 Calculation of unit production. disused prices below self-distribution were $144. 5 and 36. 5 for kegs and cases. Under Bistwells, these prices would be adjusted to $92. 7 and $24. 5. Old prices Units Revenue under new distribution price Kegs $116,178 804 $74,530 Bottles $1,861,083 50988 $1,239,022 Total Revenue $1,977,261 $1,313,553 Assuming max capacity of 12,500 liters or 804 barrels, the rest being bottles Exhibit 3 Value for Channel Participants 11 Hemrlick Brewing Exhibit 3 Value for Channel Participants 12

Chabahar Port

Chabahar surrender Trade- Industrial Zone (CFZ) is an Iranian stark trading zona on the coast of the Gulf of Oman in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. It is formed accord to the law on the establishment and administration of free trade-industrial zonas. It was established in 1992 along with the both other free trade orders, Qeshm and Kish Island to use spheric expertise, aroundly from South East Asia, as a tool for the evolution of the state of matter, accelerating the accomplishment of infrastructures, creation of productive employment, and representation in the global markets.Chabahar free trade-industrial zone achieved its importance mainly from its geographical location as the shortest and the most secure route connecting Central Asian Independent States (CIS) and Afghanistan to warm irrigate and its proximately to one of the largest oil, gas and mineral resources of the world and as the precisely ocean port of the country. It is the closest and best introduction poi nt of Iran to the Indian Ocean.For this reason, Chabahar is the focal point of Iran for development of the east of the country through expanding upon and enhancement of pilgrimage routes among countries situated in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. The hope is that with the development of transit routes, and better aegis and transit services, the benefits will reach the plain residents. Chabahar free trade-industrial zone has started its activities in 1995 focusing on these major activities transit and urban development and study under the administration of public controlled Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization.In 2002 Chabahar free trade-industrial zone organization established five specialized subsidiary bodies with the permission of the secretariate of high council of Iran free trade-industrial zones, including four holding companies and one education centre of attention that is listed below 1-Holding confederacy of fargon and Developmen t of Trading. 2-Holding comp all of Investment and Industrial Development. 3-Holding company of Social Welf be and tourism Development. 4-Holding company of Professional Civil and Civic Development. International University of Chabahar. In 2007, Chabahar free zone canceled some of the subsidiary bodies and turned them into sections of Chabahar free zone organization. Its economic sectors are fishery industries and commercial sector, fishery sectors with largest amount of countrys fish catch, mainly located out of the Chabahar free zone. evolution commercial sector located at free trade area with high potentiality to turn to a place that would connect parentage growth centers is South Asia (India) and Middle East (Dubai) to Central Asian and Afghanistan market.Government excogitation to link Chabahar free trade area to Irans main check network which is connected to Central Asia and Afghanistan would provide more capability for Chabahar to red-hot logistics sector that is a basic to achieve better position canvas to its competitor (Pakistan port of Gwadar). Iran plans to use Chabahar for transshipment to Afghanistan and Central Asia while reserving the port of Bandar Abbas as a major hub mainly for trade with Russia and Europe.Along with Bandar Abbas, Chabahar is the Iranian entrepot on the North-South corridor. A strategic partnership between India, Iran and Russia to establish a multi- normal transport link connecting Mumbai with St. Petersburg. Providing Europe and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia access to Asia and vice-versa. There are two jetties, Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Kalantari. Shahid Beheshti jetty with 18,000 square meters sheltered warehouse, comprehends the potentiality of receiving the vessels of 100,000 gross tonnages.Shahid Kalantari jetty with 42,000 square meters sheltered warehouse is able to read the vessels berth. By a well developed road network, Chabahar has the access to the other neighboring countries as well as t he Middle Asian states. The existence of transport terminal, with a capacity of receiving approximately 1,000 trucks and lorries daily makes the transportation of antithetic types of produced, imported or transited goods possible through the land roads. It can too open bank credit directly through the zone banks.According to statistics in Farvardin 1388(March-April 2009),80,660 tons of goods with value of $41,800,000 were imported through Chabahar Custom, were mainly wheat, rubber ingredients, chemic fertilizers, mechanical and industrial machineries. The main exported goods were chocolate, biscuits, tear, solid petrol, solid paraffin and etc. The total income of this custom was $65 billion and 359 million Rial and shows 58 per centum growth with comparison to the work year at the alike period. The main privileges and legal facilities for investors Possibility of investment for foreign and domestic investors to any extent. Guarantee of foreign investment at the zone accordin g to the inserted chemical mechanism in the law of Free zone. Repatriation of capital and profit gained from the economic activities. claim of 30 years tax. Free to import machinery, spare parts, transport means, painful material for construction. Possibility in using the foreign well sufficient man power at the zone to the extent of 10 portion of the unit staffs. Possibility in transit and re-export of goods without any limitation. Possibility of arrival of foreigners at the free zone without giveting visa. Possibility in sell trade for foreign and domestic businessmen. Lack of limitation in large-minded the land for large industrial projects. Exemption from the payment of custom duties for those goods produced at the zone and exported to the mainland in proportion of the added values and the exploited domestic materials. renounce of the certificate of origin for those goods exported from the zone. The facilities and opportunities available for investmentConstruction of p ower plant, private international airport, refinery, petrochemical plant, ponderous industries and relevant industries, car manufacturing and relevant industries, public warehouse, fishery and food squelch industries, establishment of companies investing in and financing the construction of the units specialized in industry, trade, transit and services, tourism service, exploitation of information and communication technology, service industries colligate to transit of goods, establishment of transportation networks for transit of goods and creation of international exaltation lines.FTZs to Launch International Banks Ministry of commerce together with Ministry of Economy are embarking on a project allowing Iranian free trade zones to team up with foreign partners for establishment of banks. The Mehr news agency quoted Commerce Ministry official Hossein Soltanian as saying so far six FTZs have agreed to get involved in the project in a bid to further foreign investment and rejuve nate development of those areas.Soltanian tell the preliminary go have been taken to establish the first such bank. According to plan, at that place will be similar initiatives in almost all 6 Iranian free trade zones, Soltanian added. Bank Refah together with a go of foreign investors will have stakes in establishment of the bank, Soltanian added. Goods Transit Via Iran Reaches 6million Tons According to a report by Iran Customs governing body the daily goods transit via Iran increased 5. 8 share over the abide year.Daily, some 5 million and 861 thousand 450 tons various goods are transited via Iranian territories, the report said. Of the total figure, foodstuffs account for 11 percent, automobiles for 3. 5 percent and fuel for 12. 4 percent. Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Iraq and Turkmenistan were among the main destinations for the transited goods. Some 60. 8 percent of the goods were transited to the above mentioned countries via Irans various export te rminals. Afghan Investors Eye Irans Free Zone The process of Iran-Afghanistan economic ties has been accelerated during the last two years, managing director of Chabahar Free Zone Organization said. Elaborating on a confrontation held between Iranian and Afghan economic activists in Chabahar Free Zone, Mohammad T. Baqerizade said that the meeting was the fifth meeting held between the two countries economic officials during the last two years.The two sides discussed expansion of ties in various fields including trade, industries, education, construction, transit and tourism. He said that during the previous meetings Iran agreed to grant 50 hectares of Chabahar Free Zone to Afghan investors who would touch to make investment in the zones various economic sectors. The Afghan investors have announced interest in building silos and warehouses in zone as well as in making investment in the production of the goods the raw materials of which are produced in Afghanistan, he concluded.

Black Social Movements Essay

The political and amicable complaisant organisation of the United States can be difficult to comprehend. How does angiotensin converting enzyme rationalize that in 1776, the States decl atomic number 18d its independence from England by stating, in disunite that We wet-nurse these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with accredited unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness, yet, in 1818, in the very same country, Frederick Douglass is born a slave? (Jefferson, 2004 p. 612 Library). It appears that under certain circumstances, it is not self-evident that the Right to Liberty is unalienable.Fortunately, America has progressed, and while it would be difficult to support the position that obscures go for arrived at a gratuity of complete equity with etiolates, it is safe to register that giant strides have been made, except these strides have required bendion in the for m of organized social movements. Blumer (1939) stated that social movements can be viewed as collective enterprises to attain a new order of life. They have their inception in the tick of unrest, and derive their motive power on one hand from dissatisfaction with the latest form of life, and on the other hand, from wishes and hopes for a new scheme or system of living (p.199). This analysis captures the meaning and shrinkificance of todays drab social movements that while the somber companionship now enjoys an change magnitude equality and level of privilege when compared with what it was allowed in the recent past, t here system significant ground to be covered before true simile can be reached. The awareness of this need inwardly the Black residential district has created both unrest and dissatisfaction, nevertheless past successes in the fight for social equality have nurtured a desire for even more(prenominal) change. iodine of the most influential areas of modern, American society is the mediaspecifically television setand it is here that an important social movement can be traced the increased inclusion body of Blacks on T. V. During the 1950s, shows like I Love Lucy, The Honeymooners, and Dick Clarks American Bandstand all premiered (List of years in television). Each of these shows have offices and storylines that dealt with an America that was portrayed as White.Moving into the 1960s, a time of great advances in the Nations struggle for racial equality, the television fare featured the premier of The Dick Van Dyke Show, Green Acres, and the original esthesis Trek (List of years in television). This decades entertainment likewise featured a predominantly White world-view however, Star Treks promise to go where no man has gone before was as much a testament to the people, issues, and possibilities that were at the forefront of social usefulness as it was a reference to space travel (Star Trek The true Series).To the credit of Star Tr eks creator, Gene Roddenberry, his multi-racial, multi-gender crew, included Nichelle Nichols as Lieutenant Uhura, a stunning, articulate, high-ranking, black woman whose role it was to keep lines of chat open. This was a step in the right direction for Blacks as it allowed White America to absorb a new c oncept Blacks are intelligent, responsible, and meritorious of authority they do not exist merely to dust, clear tables, and act as the butt of jokes.Currently, the face of television has become far more diverse, and there are networks such(prenominal) as BET (Black Entertainment Television) that ply to and feature Blacks. It is my belief that the change that has taken place in television media over the last half-century can be attributed to the increased awareness of those who once had sole control of the medium (Whites), coupled with the increase in buying power of Blacks, and the desire on the snap off of Blacks to assume command of part of television (e. g. BET).The fact th at Blacks desire greater representation and control within television media is part of the ongoing, modern social movement towards equality that the Black community embraces. What does this all mean? Primarily, it means that social changes come close slowly, pushed by two forces internal social change, and progressive social movements. It was lifelike that at some point someone would include a character like Lieutenant Uhura in a series, but along with this natural progression, more action was needed.There was only one Uhura on television, but there were thousands of Black women like her out in the world. This is why networks such as BET are so important they represent an active social movement in the Black community an insistence that part of the focus, part of the power, and part of the control be in the hands of Blacks. It whitethorn be true that our Nations Declaration of Independence seemed to say one thing but represent another however, Frederick Douglass survived the mixe d nitty-gritty and went on to contribute significantly to American history and ideals.Todays Blacks are aware of a truth Douglass understood that to make strides, one must work within the framework of the mass, while never unbelieving the singular strength of an undivideds effect on a nation. Without the early encouragement of his Masters wife, Douglass may not have been introduced to the desire to learn, but that desire led Douglass to greater pursuits (Douglass, 2004, pp. 62-65).The Black community is now represented in local, state, and federal government a sign that the community is working individually (i. e. running and voting), and within the framework of the majority (i. e. the established government and its rules) to improve its position within the United States of America. Schools are filled with a variety of ethnicities, both in front of the schoolroom and seated within it, and Blacks are embracing the need to educate themselves to regard better jobs, financial succ ess, and future opportunities.Essentially, the focus of todays Black social movements can be viewed as those actions that fall within the consideration of the majoritys framework and are designed to allow members of the Black community greater parity within this frameowrk. At the same time, these actions are being encouraged and supported on an individual by individual basis, so that the overall strength of each person can be added to the collective, and both might benefit from natural social change as well as active social movements. References Blumer, H. (1939).Collective behavior. In R. E. cat valium (Ed. ), An outline f the principles of Sociology. (pp. 199). New York, NY Barnes and Noble. Douglass, F. (2004). Learning to read and write. In Comley, N. , Hamilto, D. , Klaus, C. H. , Scholes, R. , & Sommers, N. (Eds. ), handle of reading motives for writing. (pp. 62-66). Boston, Mass. Bedford. Jefferson, T. (2004). The Declaration of Independence. In Comley, N. , Hamilto, D. , Klaus, C. H. , Scholes, R. , & Sommers, N. (Eds. ), Fields of reading motives for writing. (pp. 612-615). Boston, Mass. Bedford. Library of Congress, The. The Frederick Douglass papers. Timeline. Retrieved kinsfolk 12, 2006, from http//rs6. loc. gov/ammem/doughtml/timeline. html. List of years in television. (2006, folk 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved family line 12, 2006, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ List_of_years_in_television. Star Trek The Original Series. (2006, September 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved September 12, 2006, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Star_Trek_The_Original_Series.

Questionnaire on fashion brands Essay

Factors Affecting Consumer Preference of multi internal scores over Local BrandsZeenat Ismail1, Sarah Masood2 and Zainab Mehmood Tawab21De luckment of Social Sciences, Institute of line of credit Administration Karachi 2Students of Institute of phone line Administration KarachiAbstract This postulate was conducted in order to adjudicate the consumer picks of orbicular greases instead of topical anaesthetic aces. It is overly designed to find out the acquire deportment patterns of upstart Pakistani consumers Consumer evaluates harvest-homes based on information cues, which atomic number 18 subjective and extrinsic. A bod of factors affect the consumer acquire decisions. The results suggest that nigh great factors that influence a consumers final decision argon the determine and graphic symbol of the reaping in question. Since the consumers usually associate the price of the flaw with its feature, a brand priced too suffering is generally sensed as a low timbre return. Similarly, a yield priced too high may non be affordable by many.Other factors that have an impact on the consumer takeences are consumer ethnocentrism, orbit of root system, affable status, price relativity with the competing brands and family and friends. The investigate was conducted in Karachi and the samples selected included 200 community of age 16-24. The data collected for the inquiry was through and through a questionnaire and was conducted in two popular obtain malls of the metropolis and two universities since the target audience was largely the callowness. Calculations were then take apartd and interpreted using a percentage of respondents and through frequency distribution control panels and charts.Key row Consumer option, worldwide brands, Local brands1. IntroductionGlobalization is an inevitable phenomenon that is leading the entire human beings towards becoming champion market, a world(a) village. Not only has the military opera tion of internationalization aided immensely in the exchange of goods and function, information and association through the reductions in international barriers, but it has also led the human into becoming a real single universal community comprising of people from opposite cultures, thus resulting in the shrinkage of the world. With the world becoming a single market, globularization has had a major contribution in change the organizations worldwide to step out of the restricted domestic markets and to set up their operations across the globe with confidence. This has largely led to a slouch in the sizeableness in national borders and a greater fierceness on what the consumers actually demand be the consumers located in the actually democracy in which the organization exists or an entirely different part of the world.Moreover, with the rapid increase in global competition, companies that strictly adhere to and supply to the needs of the local markets are finding themse lves at a damage and gradually loosing the competitive advantage that they so much strived to achieve. However, for close to products and services the tastes and preferences of consumers in different nations are cast downning to converge on some global norm (Holt 2002). From a consumer perspective, however, reactions to the prevalence of global brands seem to go among the different customers. On the one hand, consumers seem to value and admire global brands and regard such brands as a status symbol. On the separate hand, global brands are often criticized for threatening the local differences and imposing the horse opera cultures on our society, leading to a loss of cultural identity element.2. Purpose of the rentEmail zismailiba.edu.pk Tel +92(333) 3775545 Fax +92(21) 38103008 54This theatre is aimed at determining consumer preference of the youth of international brands instead of national or local brands in Pakistan. There are various factors which influence consumer pu rchase decision. Such as state of matter of origin, price of the brand mood, family and friends, brand name, availability, advertising campaigns, consumers ethnocentrism etc. The study is also designed to find out the grease ones palms behaviour patterns of the young Pakistani consumers, attitudes towards global and local brands and the preference for remote brands.3. Literature redirect examinationBrands have been constantly reviewed and redefined in the marketing literature and there are numerous definitions for brand. A definition of a brand by The Ameri whoremaster market Association (AMA) in the 1960s (Keller, 19982) is a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods and services of one seller or group of sellers and differentiate them from those of competitors. For consumers, when deciding between brands which are in the marketplace will include brands as an element to determine the qualities of the product rather than emp loying their time to enhance their knowledge of the product in information searching activities. Therefore, consumers usance brands as cues to make decisions to purchase or try products (Ger et al., 1993).4. QualityPerceived quality is defined as the consumers imagination about an entitys (services) overall excellence or superiority (Zeithaml, 1988 and Rowley, 1998). search also indicates that consumers value global brands especially for their assumed high quality and prestigious image (e.g., Nguyen, Barrett and Miller 2005 Steenkamp, Batra and Alden 2003). An internationally well-established brand name can act as a halo constructs that rearuate quality beliefs (Han 1989). If a brand is perceived as globally available, consumers are likely to evaluate a superior quality to the brand, since such quality is thought of as a prerequisite for international acceptance.5. rural of originThe country of origin effect has been defined as the positive and negative influence that a produ cts country of manufacture may have on consumers decision make processes or subsequent behavior (Elliott and Cameron, 1994). 1991). Infact in the words of Nagashima (1970), COE can be defined asthe picture, the reputation, and the stereotype that businessmen and consumers prehend to products or brands of a specific country. This image is created by such variables as representative products, national characteristics, economic and political background, history, and traditions. The literature on country-of-origin effects is quite rich and covers the topic from different perspectives in different countries. close to studies have shown that country of origin also has symbolic and emotional heart to consumes, and it p typesets an all-important(prenominal) role along with other attributes such as quality and reliability in shaping consumers attitudes toward products. Moreover, attitudes and lores of consumers toward brands and products will depend on categories, for instance, electron ic goods from Italy may be perceived as a poor quality but Italian habilitate would be perceive as cool and high quality (Bikey and Nes, 1982). This would be differently perceived with Japanese brands as Japanese electronic goods would be perceive with positive attitudes and Japanese clothing will be negatively perceived.6. PriceResearchers found out that formerly consumers perceive a price difference between local-owned and outsideowned brands, price dissimilarities begin to affect their preference for local-owned brands. Therefore, since price is also one of the near important extrinsic cues that consumers use when evaluating the product/brand (Hansen, 2005), we test the impact of price against consumers ethnocentric tendencies to determine at what point consumers are automatic to forsake preference for local products for a greater price force out with foreignowned products.7. Social status55Authors have stressed that consumers may prefer global brands because of associatio ns of high prestige (Schuiling & Kapferer, 2004 Shocker, Srivastava, & Rueckert, 1994 Steenkamp, et. al., 2003). Global brands may have a higher prestige than local brands due to their relative scarcity and higher price. Furthermore, global brands may also stand for cosmopolitanism.Some consumers prefer global brands because they enhance their selfimage as being cosmopolitan, sophisticated, and modern. Conversely, according to Ger (1999), local brands tend to be targeted and positioned based on a deep cultural understanding and thus create a sustainable unique value and offer the symbolization of authenticity and prestige. Still, consumers have been found to have no intrinsic preference for global brands (De Mooij, 1998).8. Friends and familyReference groups include groups or people whom one can look up for guidance and ask for opinion. These are important source of influencing the brand purchases. Reference group include friends and family who influence ones buying decisions due to special skills, knowledge, personality. If a friend had a bad have got with a product, it is more likely that one will refrain from buying it. However many studies found out that, knowledge that consumers obtain through direct personal experience will be perceived to be more trustworthy than information from other communications. This results in more powerfully held beliefs (Swaminathan et al., 2001).9. Research QuestionsThe reasons for consumer preference of global brands over the local ones. The product attributes that are mostly covered by consumers when buying a brand. The demographic characteristic of consumers who buy foreign brands more frequently.10. Research methodologyThis study is a descriptive study and more of a qualitative nature and was conducted to identify and analyze the reasons why consumers prefer international brands to national brands when purchasing consumer goods. The sample for this research included the 200 consumers whose ages ranged from 16-24 years from Karachi. Simple random sampling was utilise for this study.Questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The questionnaire included closed ended questions and Likert dental plate is used in most of the questions. These questionnaires were distributed to collect data from the students ofInstitute of air Administration itself as well as the students of Institute of Business attention. apart(predicate) from this, we also visited Park Towers shopping mall and The Forum, the two leading shopping malls in Karachi, with the aim of collecting data for our research from the shoppers there. 50 questionnaires were distributed to distributively of the universities and shopping malls in equal proportion to young-begetting(prenominal)s and females.We mainly classified our macrocosm according to gender. Frequency distribution and bar charts have been used to evaluate the results. In addition to this, the means of different factors that influence consumers preferences of the local and global brands were used to determine which factors are considered the most by consumers when purchasing different brands.11. Findings and Discussion11.1. Question 1Do you use international brands products?56According to the data collected, 72.5% of the people used international brands of which 60 were male and 85 were females. 18.5% of the people questioned claimed to use international brands occasionally, whereas, 9.1% of the people claimed not to use global brands at all. As indicated in the pie charts above,18.5% of the people who used the global brands sometimes included 28 males and 9 females, and those who did not use the global brands consisted of 12 males and 6 females.11.2. Question 2If an international brand and a national brand are priced same(p), would you prefer the international brand?The occasion of this question was to evaluate and discover how important a factor such as price is in determining whether the consumers would go for the domestic brand or stick to the global one if both the products were inthe same price range. The results found out that 76% of the consumers would go for the international brands whereas 24% would still purchase the domestic ones.11.3. Question 3Do you consider where a product is manufactured when purchasing it? FrequencydisResponsesThis question was asked to discover how much importance the youth lay on the country of origin as a factor when making a purchase. The results revealed far different results compared to what had been stated by the review of former researches done. As indicated in the graph, the youth was found to be mailnly ignorant of the country in which the brand was manufactured. Majority of the consumers (76% males and 88% females) did not consider it as significant a factor as to affect his or her purchase decision.11.4. Question 4It is said that people buy international products so that they can be accepted in a particular brotherly group. Do you agree?57The results to these two questions confirmed the general perception that exists in our society, that is, the global are purchased as a status symbol.The youth mainly bought foreign branded products to be able to fit in a particular social group. This occurs largely because peer pressure tends to be high at this age, and most of the people find themselves being victims of lower rank complexes. The results to the first of these questions indicated that on average 75% of the youth (71 males and 79 females) purchased the international and local brands as a status symbol. These results were further enhanced by the results to the next question, which showed that 72% of the males and 68% of the females did, infact, believe that the people purchased the international brands to be able to fit in a particular social group.The table above compares the means of the different factors in influencing consumer preferences of the global brands over the local ones. The means, expressed in percentages, indicates that amongst all the f actors, the quality of the branded product was considered the most important factor in shaping the consumers purchase decision. The current trends and shape were found to be just as important, but the price of the product was not found to be more important than the prevailing demeanor and styles.The reason why 85% of the people decide to buy a particular brand was mainly because it was reflective of the ongoing fashion and there were only 5% people on average, who did not give importance to the ongoing fashion when purchasing a product. The results revealed that price was rated as the ternary most important factor in influencing consumer choice, whereas the quality of the product was considered the most significant, followed by the current trends and fashion.Mean number of people ( in percentages)Yessometimes76%16.5%Price of the product4.5%13.5%Country of origin87.5%7.5%Quality of the product75%15.5%Status symbol85%10%Current fashion and trends64.5%17.55%Family and friends60%20.5 %EthnocentrismNo7.5%82%5%9.5%5%18%19.5%Country of origin, as a factor in influencing consumers choice of the brand was scarcely a significant factor, since 82% of the people, on, average claimed that they did not consider which country a product is manufactured in when making purchase decisions. hardly 4.5% people, on average, claimed that they do consider the country of origin when purchasing a brand. The ethnocentrism factor was considered by 60% of the people questioned. This indicates that most of the people believed that as a Pakistani we should buy our local brands rather than giving preference to the global brands, however, this was what they believed to be the ideal scenario.In practice, our people, especially the females were found to be extremely prone to the global brands. According to our findings, 78% of the females were not volition to even substitute the global brand with a domestic if the foreignbrand is not available. The males, however, were not found to be that prone to the foreign brand.The results also show that status symbol is also perceived to be a major factor in shaping consumer purchase decisions. The above table reveals that 75% of the people linked the branded product with their social status when actually purchasing it. The table provides a summary and ratings of the factors influencing consumer preferences of the national or international brand.12. References581 Balabanis, G., Diamantopoulos, A., Mueller, R. and Melewar, T.C. (2001), The impact of Nationalism, patriotism and internationalism on consumer ethnocentric tendencies, daybook of international Business Studies, quite a little 32, pp. 157-75.2 Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.-B.E.M., Ramachander, S., 2000. Effects of Brand Local and Nonlocal Origin on Consumer Attitudes in Developing Countries. Journal of Consumer psychology 9 (2), 8395. 3 Bilkey, W.J. and Nes, E. (1982), Country-of-origin effects on product evaluations, Journal of International Business Studies, Volume 13, pp. 89-99.4 Crawford, J. and Lamb, C. (1981), Source preferences for imported products, Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Volume 17, Winter, pp. 28-33.5 De Mooij, M. (2004). Consumer behavior and culture. Thousand Oaks Sage. 6 Elliott, G.R. and Camoron, R.C. (1994), Consumer perception of product quality and the country of origin effect, Journal of International merchandise, Volume 2(2), pp. 49-62.7 Han, C. M., 1989. Country contrive Country Image Halo or Summary Construct? Journal of Marketing Research, 26(May), 222-229.8 Hansen, T., 2005. Perspectives on consumer decision making An integrated approach. Journal of Consumer Behaviour 4 (6), 420-4379 Heslop, L.A. and Papadopoulos, N. (1993), only who knows where or when reflections on the images of countries and their products, in Papadopoulos, L.A. and Heslop, N. (Eds), Product-Country Images Impact and Role in International Marketing, International Business Press, New York, NY, pp. 39- 75. 10 Heslop, L.A., Papadopolous, N. and Bourk, M. (1998), An interregional and intercultural perspective on subcultural differences in product evaluations, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, Volume 15(2), pp. 113-127.11 Keller, K., (1998), Strategic Brand Management, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. 12 Kinra, N. (2006), The effect of country-of-origin on foreign brand names in the Indian market, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Volume 24 (1), pp.15-30.13 Lantz, G. and Loeb, S. (1996), Country of origin and ethnocentrism an analysis of Canadian and American preferences using social identity theory, Advances in Consumer Research, Volume. 23, pp. 374-8. 14 Mazumdar, T., Papatla, P., 2000. An Investigation of Reference Price Segments. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR) 37 (2), 246-258.15 Nagashima, A. (1970), A Comparison of Japanese and U.S. Attitudes Towards Foreign Products, Journal of Marketing, Volume 34, January, pp. 68-74.16 Netemeyer, R.G., Durvasula, S. and Lichtenstei n, D.R. (1991), A cross-national assessment of the reliability and validity of the CETSCALE, Journal of Marketing Research, Volume 28, pp. 320-7. 17 Nguyen, T., Barrett, N., Miller, K., 2005. Perceived Brand Globalness Antecedents and Out-come The Case of Vietnamese Consumers. Proceedings of the thirty-fourth EMAC Conference, 24-27 Mai 2005, Universit Commerciale Luigi Bocconi, Milan, Italy.18 Shocker, A. D., Srivastava, R. K., & Ruekert, R. W. (1994) Challenges and opportunities facing brand management an introduction to the specialissue. J. Marketing Res., 31(2), pp. 149-158. 19 Steenkamp, J-B., Batra, R., & Alden, D. L. (2003) How perceived brand globalness creates brand value. J. Int. Bus. Stud., 34, pp. 53-65.20 Summer, W.G. (1906), Folkways The Sociological Importance of usages, Manners, Customs, Mores and Morals. New York Ginn & Co.21 Wang, C.K. and Lamb, C.W. (1983), The impact of selected environmental forces on consumers willingness to buy foreign products, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Volume 11(2), pp. 71-84. http//amcy5.com/projects/marketing/amcy20.htm

Early Childhood Education Essay

He taonga te reo Honouring te reo me ona tikanga1, the Maori linguistic process and grow, in spite of appearance primevalish childhood bringing up in Aotearoa2. Dr Jenny Ritchie, chap Professor, azoic childishness Teacher commandment, Unitec Institute of Technology, New Zealand Abstract This piece of music considers information from recent research which illustrates the ways in which tamariki (children), whanau (families) and educators are combine the exercising of the Maori phrase within their everyday knowledgeal interactions, as mandated by the bilingual New Zealand former(a) childhood curriculum, Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996).Languages contrive cultures, expressing our deeper meanings and representations. engraved within verbal and non-verbal wordings are our ways of existence, knowing and doing (Martin, 2008). Jeanette Rhedding-J peerlesss has inquired in her Norwegian multi ethnic context as to What kinds of constructions are the mono ethnic prof essionals creating for cross-cultural meetings and mergings? (2001, p. 5).What follows is an exploration of strategies by which Maori ways of world, knowing and doing are being enacted through the medium of te reo in archaean childhood affections. Introduction Te Whariki (Ministry of Education, 1996), the first bicultural fosterage curriculum in Aotearoa, reaffirmed a load already widely adjudge across the early childhood education sector in this country, to Te Tiriti o Waitangi3, and the validation and inclusion of te reo me ona tikanga4 as an integrated agent of early childhood education programmes.Te Whariki contains strong clear statements of expectations for educators in terms of enacting te reo Maori within their pedagogy method New Zealand is the home of Maori lyric and culture curriculum in early childhood settings should promote te reo and nga tikanga Maori, making them visible and affirming their rate for children from alto viewher cultural backgrounds. Adult s working with children should plant an understanding of the varied iwi and the meaning of whanau and whanaungatanga5 (Ministry of Education, 1996, p.42) The juxtaposition of the promotion of te reo and tikanga aboard whanau and whanaungatanga is insightful. Previous research had place that as early childhood 1 2 Te reo is the Maori expression, tikanga are Maori beliefs, value and cultural practices. Aotearoa is a Maori piddle for New Zealand. 3 Te Tiriti o Waitangi/The Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840 between Maori chiefs and the British Cr take, stipulationd protections to Maori of their lands and taonga everything of value to Maori , which includes their deliverys, beliefs, values and traditions.4 Te reo is the Maori language and tikanga are Maori cultural practices. This phrase, liter every last(predicate) toldy, the language and its cultural practices demonstrates how intrinsically the language and culture are linked. 5 Iwi are tribes, whanau are families, and whana ungatanga is the building of relationships. 2 educators feed an environment reflective and inclusive of Maori values such(prenominal) as whanaungatanga, Maori families are to a greater extent comfortable and be lift more involved within that early childhood setting (Ritchie, 2002). Te reo Maori has been severely jeopardised by the processes of colony.As upright Skerrett has written Maori ways of verbalize were overly colonised through the oppression of te reo Maori, to be replaced by English. This, at times violent, process of colonisation caused a disruption in the intergenerational transmission of Maori language, Maori knowledge and, as a consequence, disrupted Maori lives and Maori socie plug intos. (2007, p. 7) Whanau Maori have tenaciously stated their preference that their children learn their language and culture within education contexts (AGB/McNair, 1992 M.Durie, 2001 Else, 1997Te Puni Kokiri/Ministry of Maori Development, 1998) in affirmation of their identity eleme nt as Maori, since Te reo Maori serves as the medium through which symbolic and cultural comp championnts are properly united and Maoriness most appropriately expressed (A. Durie, 1997, p. 152). junior children learn languages comparatively easily. archaeozoic childhood centres are a pellucid site for young children to have opportunities to learn te reo Maori, in representational experiential ways, consistent with both early childhood and second language learning pedagogies (Cummins, 2001 Ritchie, 1994).This entrust only occur if we are able to endure them with a linguistically rich environment and authentic language models. It is bonnie that Maori raises might expect that their children will non acquire poor pronunciation of their have got language from their educational experiences. Previous search In 1999 as part of my doctoral research (Ritchie, 2002), I discovered 13 different early childhood settings in the Waikato realm (Ritchie, 1999). I noted that in most of th e settings there was at least one staff element who attempted to use close to Maori language.This was a stronger use of te reo than Pam Cubey observed in eight hessian early childhood centres in 1992, when she report that virtually no Maori language was heard (Cubey, 1992). During my observations, the most frequent system of te reo Maori were commands, such as Haere mai ki te kai E tu tamariki E noho Haere mai ki te whariki Horoi o ringaringa6. There were also instances of counting and grant tints in te reo Maori. Several staff repeatedly inserted iodin Maori nouns within some of their regular English sentences, for practice session, Do you want some fruit? Some panana 6.Haere mai ki te kai come and eat E tu tamariki stand up children E noho- sit down Haere mai ki te whariki come to the mat Horoi o ringaringa wash your hands panana banana aporo- orchard apple tree taringa ear(s) waha m breakh 3 or some aporo? Turn on your taringa, step on it up your waha. During my vi sits, eight of the 13 centres sang at least one song in te reo Maori, usually at structured mat-times, which were authoritative for all children. These teachers identified confidence and competence as barriers, because, as one teacher explained, you feel like a real twit when it comes out wrong.I was concerned that the available te reo Maori re obtains appeared to be under-utilised and that the persist of language use was restricted to simple commands, the use of colour name and counting in Maori. This indicated reliance on a limited ambit of vocabulary, with little knowledge of Maori grammar. Teachers expressed their neediness for support and encouragement to let out their comfort zone beyond single words, to using complete and more complex phrases that represent linguistically authentic Maori structures.I suggested that teachers consider widening the range of formats in which they used Maori phrases. Recent data Whilst 6. 58% of registered early childhood teachers are Maori (Ministry of Education, 2007), only 1. 6% of New Zealanders of European traverse speak Maori (Ministry of Social Development, 2007). Early childhood teachers use of te reo whitethorn seem encouraging in that 75% of Pakeha early childhood teachers utter that they use some Maori whilstteaching, yet 70% of these teachers reported themselves as disquisition Maori not very well (Harkess, 2004, p. 12).In 2006 we reported on a two-year study7 with a range of participants, which included early childhood educators, an Iwi Education Initiative8, teacher educators, specialist educators and professional learning providers, co-exploring strategies for supporting the involvement of whanau Maori within early childhood settings otherwise than Kohanga Reo9 (Ritchie & Rau, 2006).Using narrative (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990 Schulz, Schroeder, & Brody, 1997) and Kaupapa Maori (Bishop, 2005 Smith, 1999, 2005) research methodologies, we explored early childhood educators strategies for encouraging t he participation of whanau Maori within early childhood education settings, and ways for implementing understandings of commitments derived from Te Tiriti o Waitangi as expressed in the bicultural early childhood curriculum, Te Whariki, through the delivery of Tiriti-based programmes10.Participants in this study were those who were potently committed to implementing Tiriti-based practice. Pedagogical word picture described in this study was consistent with 7 This project was funded through the Teaching Learning Research Initiative, a fund provided by the New Zealand Ministry of Education, and administered by NZCER. 8 We gratefully jazz the support and contribution of Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative to the Whakawhanaungatanga study.9 Kohanga Reo are Maori-medium educational settings where young children are immersed in the Maori language and culture in a whanau-based context. 10 The term Tiriti-based practice is derived from a commitment to Te Tiriti oWaitangi, the treaty s igned in 1840 by Maori chiefs and the British Crown, that legitimated the presence of immigrants, initially from Britain, on base the tangata whenua, Maori, the indigenous people of this land.4 a view of Maori language and cultural practices as being holistically and simultaneously performed. This enactment includes passing(a) welcome and spectral rituals in te reo, and is inclusive of waiata11. This climate generated a sense of welcoming and safety for Maori families, which resulted in their increasing involvement in centre reo and tikanga implementation. An educator demonstrated how this whanau participation was integral within their early childhood centre programmingIn partnership with whanau weintroduce new waiata each term, and tikanga experiences, such as, hangi, powhiri, harakeke, and legends of the whanau, hapu12, and iwi attending the service. Other Maori co-researchers within the Whakawhanaungatanga research project also identified aspects of Te Ao Maori13 that they wo uld like to see reflected within early childhood education and care settings. They considered it important that Maori parents and whanau sense a match between their values and those of educational settings.They valued a sense of whanaungatanga generated and enacted within the early childhood centre, whereby tamariki and whanau, kuia and kaumatua, and other whanau members such as Aunties (Martin, 2007) participated as a collective, learning and teaching on board the teachers and children, educators sharing responsibility and demonstrating willingness to identify and support the needs of all members of that collective.In this vision, te reo Maori is modelled and integrated throughout the programme, with support for adults to maturation their own facility with the language alongside their children, and there is on-going everyday enactment of tikanga such as rituals of welcoming and coldewell sharing of kai14 a value of inclusiveness reference to Te Ao Wairua15 and nga Atua16, and an nual celebrations such as Matariki.17 Children, in this view are exposed to te reo as part of the daily enactment of Maori beliefs, values and practices. Co-researchers in this project demonstrated a commitment to compound te reo and tikanga within their centre practice, in ways that were meaning(prenominal) and contextual for children and families.Working with natural materials, such as harakeke (flax), provided a initiation of learning of traditional knowledge, involving the planting and care of the flax bushes, twine of rourou18, children observing alongside adults, connected to the land and its spiritual signifi nominatece, as Ana, a Playcentre kaiako, described So even though we had those harakeke within our centre boundary, in our lawn, we knew that the pa harakeke19 of that harakeke that we had, came 11 12 Waiata are songs.Hangi are feasts cooked in earth ovens, powhiri are accost ceremonies, harakeke is flax, and hapu are sub-tribes 13 Te Ao Maori is the Maori world. 14 Kai is food 15 Te Ao Wairua is the spiritual dimension. 16 Nga Atua are supernatural beings, or gods. 17 Matariki is the configuration whose arrival announces the Maori New Year. 18 Rourou are flax food baskets. 19 Pa harakeke are flax bushes, often planted as a source of flax for weaving and rongoa (medicinal remedies), and also refers metaphorically to the nurturing by the wider family of the offspring, the younger shoots.5 from a larger picture. And all the natural resources on our little wagon inside, in the area of where they go and falsify pictures and glue things and make structures out of the driftwood and put their shells and tie their shells on and harakeke, they might have been just in the rourou baskets, but we knew and the tamariki knew they come from this bigger picture out there in the whenua20, because they had asleep(p) to get them. So we brought our big world candor and our spiritual world reality into the bounds of that centre.Pania, a Maori kindergarten tea cher, spoke of her bilingual approach as being like a whariki,21 where you get two strands and you build them together to make your little kete22 or your whariki of learning. And implementing a bilingual approach is a way that I can facilitate my programme that is non-threatening. Its an option for the child and the parent whether they would like to do it, but its also another teaching technique and a resource and a learning strategy.Daisy, a Pakeha kindergarten teacher, actively researched aspects of tikanga that she was interested in integrating into her teaching I wrote a spirit level and what I wanted to do was encompass the tikanga aspects on collecting kai moana23. I wanted it to be something Pakeha could grasp, something simple, that was really clear and conveying the tikanga aspects because its not just about going down to the beach and picking up a few pipis24, its deeper than that, theres a lot of kaupapa25 coffin nail it. How did I know about all the tikanga?Ive never gone out collecting kai moana in my life? Research, korero26 with others more knowledgeable. As far as getting it to children it needs to be simple and straight-forward. The pipi story is cerebrate on Tangaroa,27 the protocols around that. The tamariki seem to enjoy it, but in couch to deepen their understanding, and extend the story, I set up the pipi lean in the sandpit. So the story was a visual and a listening experience, whereas the pipi hunt was a tactile experience, so that then I think I would have managed to tap into every childs way of learning.Daisy also involved whanau Maori of her centre in her planning, although she took primary responsibility for researching the reo and tikanga that was to be incorporated. Incorporating te reo and tikanga was more effective when educators were committed both individually and collectively to proactively integrating this within planning, teaching 20 Whenua is land. Whariki are woven flax mats. 22 A kete is a woven flax basket. 23 Ka i moana are seafoods. 24 Pipi are cockles. 25 Kaupapa is philosophy. 26 Korero is talking. 27 Tangaroa is the Atua, supernatural being, or God, of the sea.21 6 interactions, programme evaluation, and centre review. Many of the Pakeha coresearchers have worked hard over the years to increase their competence in te reo, and continue to do so, by pickings courses. At Ariels childcare centre, all the teachers had attended a reo course offered in their local community. Penny, a kindergarten head teacher who was also studying te reo, explained that as her own confidence grew, and supported by her co-teacher, the flavour of te reo within the centre programme continued to strengthen, as the reo is supply in gently and quietly.Respondents from the Hei Ara Kokiri Tuwaretoa Education Initiative data articulated aspirations for early childhood education services that envisioned all children as being supported to become biculturally and bilingually competent. The following example recognises t he important role of early childhood services in offering quality models of te reo Maori To be fully bicultural and therefore bilingual all children in Aotearoa/NZ should have the opportunity to learn to be fluent in Maori and English and develop understanding of both cultures world view.We need full Maori speaking teachers in all ECE learning environments. It is not enough to use Maori language in directives information acknowledgment contexts. We need to work towards providing environments where children can use the target language, be completely immersed in te reo Maori. We need to promote environments where the conscientization of language is constructed as normal to prevent dialogue being used by teachers to act on children. Teachers and children need to be using dialogue to work with each other co-constructing. In order to reflect this, we need to provide environments rich in Maori language.We need proficient speaking Maori teachers Regurgitating learnt phrases will not p rovide the opportunities for children to really conscientise their experiences, that is, thinking in Maori. besides a very high level of exposure in Maori will do that. Honouring the indigenous language and culture of this country carcass an ongoing challenge for educators, particularly given the legacy of colonialistic arrogance that has limited gravel for many people, both Maori and non-Maori. Kaupapa Maori models are providing inspirational pedagogical models that honour te reo me ona tikanga (Skerrett, 2007).However, as the numbers of Maori children in education services other than kaupapa Maori remains high, the onus is on educators in these sectors to find strategies to provide Maori children and families with the language that is their birth-right and source of identity as affirmed by Article 30 of the join Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child (1989), which requires thatIn those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of Indigenous o rigin exist, a child belong to such a minority or who is Indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practise his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.7 Conclusion Maori continue to seek education supplying that respects and honours their identity, including the linguistic affirmation of authentic models of te reo Maori (Robertson, Gunn, Lanumata, & Pryor, 2007). 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